 |  |  |
By Sing H. Lin, Ph.D.
Abstract
Many astronomers and scientists all over the world have been struggling with the strange phenomena of dark
matter and dark energy based on astronomical observations. These astronomical observations on the
inter-galactic scale and galactic scale found strange phenomena that do not obey the existing known law of
gravity. These strange phenomena imply the existence of huge amount of dark matter and dark energy in the
universe, but our scientific knowledge still does not understand that "dark side of the universe" well yet.
Furthermore, in tracking the motions of spacecrafts in our solar system scale over many years, scientists also
found anomalies in the trajectories of spacecrafts that do not obey the existing known law of gravity.
On our human scale of yards and miles on earth, many people have observed and reported a strange
phenomenon on strange slopes of roads at hundreds of locations all over the world. These strange slopes
have been known as gravity hill, antigravity hill, magnetic hill, magic hill, Mystery Hill, spook hill, etc. People
poured water on such strange slope and the water flows uphill. People put plastic water bottle on such strange
slope and the plastic water bottle with water rolls uphill. Many vehicles with transmission shifted to neutral gear
and brake released simply roll uphill on such strange slopes.
Many people simply dismiss such strange phenomenon on those strange slopes as illusion. Some people have
also done some tests and measurements on some of those strange slopes and claimed that they have proved
that it is an illusion. However, careful examinations of these tests, measurements and claims indicate they are
NOT valid proofs because of serious defects in such tests and measurements as explained in details in
Sections 5 and 6 in the following on this web page.
It is still not known if such strange phenomenon on these strange slopes is due to illusion or due to a horizontal
component of gravitation force from an unknown source. The strange phenomenon on these hundreds of
strange slopes on earth surface may be another way for the unknown, dark side of our universe to reveal to us
the strange characteristics of the dark side of universe that science still does not understand them well yet.
On the other hand, driven by several critical strange phenomena observed on both astronomy scale and
sub-atomic scale of quantum physics, many scientists all over the world have been converging on the
cutting-edge field of the Theory of Parallel Universes, String Theory and M-Theory. Such recent rapid
advances in science fulfill Einstein's dream to unify Theory of General Relativity and Quantum Physics. By
applying such preliminary Theory of Parallel Universes, String theory and M-Theory, I believe that the strange
phenomenon on hundreds of strange slopes on earth surface may be caused by the gravitational pull from the
dark matters that exist on the parallel universes. Those dark matters can coexist and interwoven silently with
the earth in the same space and at the same time, but we cannot see and cannot touch those dark matters
because they exist on the Level-3 type of parallel universes based on the Theory of Parallel Universes (or on
higher dimensions based on String Theory/M-Theory). Supporting information for such explanation of strange
slopes is in Sections 9 and 10 on this web page.
*******************************
Since my tour of the Magnetic Hill in eastern Canada in 2005, I have been thinking about the issue of whether
such gravity hill is real or illusion and about the possibility of a scientific explanation for such strange slope. This
web page first appeared on January 3, 2007 soon after my Travelogue website ( WWW.SHLTRIP.COM ) was
established in December 2006. This web page has been revised and updated several times as I gained more
insight and relevant information since 2005 in my search for a scientific explanation for these strange slopes.
Most recent update of this web page was on September 4, 2011. As of September 4, 2011, this web page
has been accessed 3,590 times by my friends and strangers all over world.
*******************************
1. Strange Phenomenon at Magnetic Hill in Eastern Canada
In July 2005 on our way to tour New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in eastern Canada, we visited
Magnetic Hill near the city of Moncton in the Province of New Brunswick. Please take a look at the following 8
pictures that I took at the Magnetic Hill.
Abstract
Many astronomers and scientists all over the world have been struggling with the strange phenomena of dark
matter and dark energy based on astronomical observations. These astronomical observations on the
inter-galactic scale and galactic scale found strange phenomena that do not obey the existing known law of
gravity. These strange phenomena imply the existence of huge amount of dark matter and dark energy in the
universe, but our scientific knowledge still does not understand that "dark side of the universe" well yet.
Furthermore, in tracking the motions of spacecrafts in our solar system scale over many years, scientists also
found anomalies in the trajectories of spacecrafts that do not obey the existing known law of gravity.
On our human scale of yards and miles on earth, many people have observed and reported a strange
phenomenon on strange slopes of roads at hundreds of locations all over the world. These strange slopes
have been known as gravity hill, antigravity hill, magnetic hill, magic hill, Mystery Hill, spook hill, etc. People
poured water on such strange slope and the water flows uphill. People put plastic water bottle on such strange
slope and the plastic water bottle with water rolls uphill. Many vehicles with transmission shifted to neutral gear
and brake released simply roll uphill on such strange slopes.
Many people simply dismiss such strange phenomenon on those strange slopes as illusion. Some people have
also done some tests and measurements on some of those strange slopes and claimed that they have proved
that it is an illusion. However, careful examinations of these tests, measurements and claims indicate they are
NOT valid proofs because of serious defects in such tests and measurements as explained in details in
Sections 5 and 6 in the following on this web page.
It is still not known if such strange phenomenon on these strange slopes is due to illusion or due to a horizontal
component of gravitation force from an unknown source. The strange phenomenon on these hundreds of
strange slopes on earth surface may be another way for the unknown, dark side of our universe to reveal to us
the strange characteristics of the dark side of universe that science still does not understand them well yet.
On the other hand, driven by several critical strange phenomena observed on both astronomy scale and
sub-atomic scale of quantum physics, many scientists all over the world have been converging on the
cutting-edge field of the Theory of Parallel Universes, String Theory and M-Theory. Such recent rapid
advances in science fulfill Einstein's dream to unify Theory of General Relativity and Quantum Physics. By
applying such preliminary Theory of Parallel Universes, String theory and M-Theory, I believe that the strange
phenomenon on hundreds of strange slopes on earth surface may be caused by the gravitational pull from the
dark matters that exist on the parallel universes. Those dark matters can coexist and interwoven silently with
the earth in the same space and at the same time, but we cannot see and cannot touch those dark matters
because they exist on the Level-3 type of parallel universes based on the Theory of Parallel Universes (or on
higher dimensions based on String Theory/M-Theory). Supporting information for such explanation of strange
slopes is in Sections 9 and 10 on this web page.
*******************************
Since my tour of the Magnetic Hill in eastern Canada in 2005, I have been thinking about the issue of whether
such gravity hill is real or illusion and about the possibility of a scientific explanation for such strange slope. This
web page first appeared on January 3, 2007 soon after my Travelogue website ( WWW.SHLTRIP.COM ) was
established in December 2006. This web page has been revised and updated several times as I gained more
insight and relevant information since 2005 in my search for a scientific explanation for these strange slopes.
Most recent update of this web page was on September 4, 2011. As of September 4, 2011, this web page
has been accessed 3,590 times by my friends and strangers all over world.
*******************************
1. Strange Phenomenon at Magnetic Hill in Eastern Canada
In July 2005 on our way to tour New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in eastern Canada, we visited
Magnetic Hill near the city of Moncton in the Province of New Brunswick. Please take a look at the following 8
pictures that I took at the Magnetic Hill.
Picture 1: At this location, visitors can drive their cars to the lowest point (bottom of the hill) in the middle of this
section of the road as shown in the following second picture.
section of the road as shown in the following second picture.
Picture 2: At the lowest point in the middle of this section of the road, the visitor stops the car, shifts the
transmission of the car to the neutral position and releases the brake. (Some visitors even turn off the engine
entirely at this point.) Then the car will start rolling up the hill (slope of the road) on its own and will keep on
going up the hill as shown in the following two pictures.
transmission of the car to the neutral position and releases the brake. (Some visitors even turn off the engine
entirely at this point.) Then the car will start rolling up the hill (slope of the road) on its own and will keep on
going up the hill as shown in the following two pictures.
Most visitors to the Magnetic Hill are very excited and thrilled by such strange experience of seeing cars and
water bottles rolling up the hill and water flowing uphill against the known law of gravity. It is worthwhile to
enjoy such strange experience if you have an opportunity to travel near that area in the future for sightseeing.
There are several tourist attractions in that area near beautiful Bay of Fundy such as Hopewell Rocks to see
world's highest tide, Mary's Point and Johnson's Mills to see huge number of migratory shore birds feeding on
mud flats of Bay of Fundy, beautiful Fundy National Park, whale watching in Bay of Fundy, Reverse Waterfalls
at Saint John, beautiful Cape Brenton Highlands National Park, etc.
Due to this strange phenomenon on this section of the road, a parallel new road (Mountain Road) was
constructed to bypass this section of the road so that visitors can try it to experience the strange phenomenon
on this section of the road without worrying about running into regular vehicular traffic on the road.
When I was on the waiting line described above in July 2005, an old guy told me that this was his second time
to visit Magnetic Hill. The first time was about 50 years ago when he was a teenager. He said that 50 years
ago, they did not use cars but used bicycles. He sat on the bicycle and did not pedal the bicycle, but the
bicycle just rolled up the hill on its own.
The brochure entitled “The Story of Moncton’s Mysterious Magnetic Hill” for visitors at Magnetic Hill in
Moncton indicates that the local farmers had observed this recurring strange phenomenon on their horse
wagons in the early 1800’s. When they were going downhill on this section of the road, the horse seemed to
be using substantial effort to pull the wagon to go downhill. But when they were going uphill, the wagon would
run up on the heels of startled horse. There were also stories of barrels and bales of dry goods rolling
mysteriously “uphill”.
Observers also note that water in the roadside drainage ditches also seemingly runs “uphill.” This rules out
magnetic as the force for this strange phenomenon.
Location and Direction:
The Magnetic Hill is at northwest part of the city of Moncton in the Province of New Brunswick. Moncton is in
eastern Canada, near northeast tip of Bay of Fundy, on Transcanada Highway 2, about 1,036 Km east of
Montreal and 273 Km northwest of Halifax.
Directions: Take exit 450 of the Transcanada Highway (i.e. Highway #2) for Route 126 (i.e., Mountain Road)
and follow the signs of Magnetic Hill. Phone: 506-853-3516.
Map: Click here to see Google Map showing location of Magnetic Hill near Moncton
An aerial view of the Magnetic Hill area can be seen at lower part of the following website:
http://www.eureka4you.com/magnetichillworldwide/Moncton1.htm
Websites on Magnetic Hill:
www.tourismnewbrunswick.ca/en-CA/Products/Attraction/FE390665-FEE8-468D-94C5-641B0E2761BB.htm
http://www.eureka4you.com/magnetichillworldwide/Moncton-NB.htm
water bottles rolling up the hill and water flowing uphill against the known law of gravity. It is worthwhile to
enjoy such strange experience if you have an opportunity to travel near that area in the future for sightseeing.
There are several tourist attractions in that area near beautiful Bay of Fundy such as Hopewell Rocks to see
world's highest tide, Mary's Point and Johnson's Mills to see huge number of migratory shore birds feeding on
mud flats of Bay of Fundy, beautiful Fundy National Park, whale watching in Bay of Fundy, Reverse Waterfalls
at Saint John, beautiful Cape Brenton Highlands National Park, etc.
Due to this strange phenomenon on this section of the road, a parallel new road (Mountain Road) was
constructed to bypass this section of the road so that visitors can try it to experience the strange phenomenon
on this section of the road without worrying about running into regular vehicular traffic on the road.
When I was on the waiting line described above in July 2005, an old guy told me that this was his second time
to visit Magnetic Hill. The first time was about 50 years ago when he was a teenager. He said that 50 years
ago, they did not use cars but used bicycles. He sat on the bicycle and did not pedal the bicycle, but the
bicycle just rolled up the hill on its own.
The brochure entitled “The Story of Moncton’s Mysterious Magnetic Hill” for visitors at Magnetic Hill in
Moncton indicates that the local farmers had observed this recurring strange phenomenon on their horse
wagons in the early 1800’s. When they were going downhill on this section of the road, the horse seemed to
be using substantial effort to pull the wagon to go downhill. But when they were going uphill, the wagon would
run up on the heels of startled horse. There were also stories of barrels and bales of dry goods rolling
mysteriously “uphill”.
Observers also note that water in the roadside drainage ditches also seemingly runs “uphill.” This rules out
magnetic as the force for this strange phenomenon.
Location and Direction:
The Magnetic Hill is at northwest part of the city of Moncton in the Province of New Brunswick. Moncton is in
eastern Canada, near northeast tip of Bay of Fundy, on Transcanada Highway 2, about 1,036 Km east of
Montreal and 273 Km northwest of Halifax.
Directions: Take exit 450 of the Transcanada Highway (i.e. Highway #2) for Route 126 (i.e., Mountain Road)
and follow the signs of Magnetic Hill. Phone: 506-853-3516.
Map: Click here to see Google Map showing location of Magnetic Hill near Moncton
An aerial view of the Magnetic Hill area can be seen at lower part of the following website:
http://www.eureka4you.com/magnetichillworldwide/Moncton1.htm
Websites on Magnetic Hill:
www.tourismnewbrunswick.ca/en-CA/Products/Attraction/FE390665-FEE8-468D-94C5-641B0E2761BB.htm
http://www.eureka4you.com/magnetichillworldwide/Moncton-NB.htm
2. Strange Slope in Northeastern China
Another location with similar strange phenomenon is known as the Strange Slope (怪坡), which is near
Qingshuitaizhen (清水台镇) about 35 km northeast from the downtown of ShenYang (沈阳), the capital of
Liaoning Province in northeast China.
Map: Click here to see Google Map showing location of this Strange Slope in northeast China
More information and photos on this Strange Slope are available at the following websites:
http://english.cri.cn/4406/2008/01/08/1122@311974.htm
http://www.cjfoy.com/english/u4/syb04.asp
http://www.huaxia.com/lnsy/liaon_gdfq33.htm
There are four lanes on this strange slope. Two lanes are for vehicles to go up and down the strange slope.
The other two lanes are for people to ride bicycles to go up and down the strange slope. A friend of mine,
Peter Lu, who visited this strange slope said that when he was going down the strange slope on a bicycle, he
had to peddle pretty hard. But when he was going up the strange slope, he did not have to peddle at all. The
bicycle just rolled up the strange slope.
Another location with similar strange phenomenon is known as the Strange Slope (怪坡), which is near
Qingshuitaizhen (清水台镇) about 35 km northeast from the downtown of ShenYang (沈阳), the capital of
Liaoning Province in northeast China.
Map: Click here to see Google Map showing location of this Strange Slope in northeast China
More information and photos on this Strange Slope are available at the following websites:
http://english.cri.cn/4406/2008/01/08/1122@311974.htm
http://www.cjfoy.com/english/u4/syb04.asp
http://www.huaxia.com/lnsy/liaon_gdfq33.htm
There are four lanes on this strange slope. Two lanes are for vehicles to go up and down the strange slope.
The other two lanes are for people to ride bicycles to go up and down the strange slope. A friend of mine,
Peter Lu, who visited this strange slope said that when he was going down the strange slope on a bicycle, he
had to peddle pretty hard. But when he was going up the strange slope, he did not have to peddle at all. The
bicycle just rolled up the strange slope.
3. Many Other Locations with Similar Strange Phenomenon
3.1. Existing Known Locations
There are hundreds of other places in the world that also have such strange phenomenon. There are names
like gravity hill, antigravity hill, Confusion Hill, magnetic hill, magic hill, Mystery Hill, Mystery Spot, spook hill,
strange slope, etc. being used for such strange places. Please see the descriptions and the long list at the
following websites:
http://www.newscientist.com/backpage.ns?id=lw118
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_hill
http://www.research.umbc.edu/~frizzell/gravhills.html
www.newscientist.com/backpage.ns?id=lw118
In addition to shifting the transmission to neutral position, some people even turn off the engine of the car
entirely, but the car still rolls up such strange slopes on its own.
There are also many movie-clip reports of such strange slopes at many places all over the world as shown at
many YouTube websites listed in Appendix A.
Some Chinese websites listed in Appendix B indicate that similar strange slopes have also been observed at
several other locations in China.
3.2. More Potential Locations
The hundreds of known locations of strange slopes in Section 3.1. are mostly on the existing paved roads
where cars rolled up the hills on their own and startled the drivers. But very large areas of the earth surface
are still wilderness or desert where there are no paved roads. If there are strange slopes in such wilderness
or desert areas, we probably still do not know about them because there are no paved roads for the cars to
roll up the hill.
Furthermore, if the direction of the roadway and the slope are not aligned with the direction of the strange
horizontal gravitation force, the gentle horizontal gravitation force is not strong enough to pull vehicles to move
sideway. Then nobody will notice the possible existence of a gentle horizontal gravitation force in such
locations.
Therefore, the total number of locations on the earth surface with such horizontal gravitation force from
unknown source may be much more than those known hundreds of locations described in Section 3.1.
3.3. Cluster of Gravity Hills
There are two nearby gravity hills on the same road (Gravity Hill Road) near New Paris in Pennsylvania, USA.
These two gravity hills on the same road are separated by only 0.3 miles. There are also two nearby gravity
hills on the same road (Pleasant Valley Road) near Titusville in New Jersey, USA. These two gravity hills on
the same road are separated by only about 2 miles.
As of August 2011, I have visited only four different locations of gravity hills and two out of the four locations
have such cluster of multiple nearby gravity hills. If I visit more locations in the future, I may find more clusters
of gravity hills. This means that gravity hill is often not alone, but may have one or more small areas with
gravity hill effect not too far from the known gravity hill. In other words, there may be often a cluster of nearby
gravity hills, but we may not know the existence of these additional nearby gravity hills because (1) there is
no paved road on those additional nearby gravity hills or (2) the direction of the road is not aligned with the
direction of the gravity force of the additional gravity hills, such that vehicles cannot roll uphill on such
additional gravity hills. These additional gravity hills that we do not know about may not be on the same road
as the known gravity hill in that area of cluster of gravity hills.
The existence of such cluster of multiple nearby gravity hills has important implication on the proper procedure
to measure the elevations of the top and the bottom of a gravity hill because moving a theodolite off the road
of the gravity hill being measured does not guarantee that the theodolite will not be subject to the unexpected
influence of other unknown nearby gravity hills in the cluster.
3.1. Existing Known Locations
There are hundreds of other places in the world that also have such strange phenomenon. There are names
like gravity hill, antigravity hill, Confusion Hill, magnetic hill, magic hill, Mystery Hill, Mystery Spot, spook hill,
strange slope, etc. being used for such strange places. Please see the descriptions and the long list at the
following websites:
http://www.newscientist.com/backpage.ns?id=lw118
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_hill
http://www.research.umbc.edu/~frizzell/gravhills.html
www.newscientist.com/backpage.ns?id=lw118
In addition to shifting the transmission to neutral position, some people even turn off the engine of the car
entirely, but the car still rolls up such strange slopes on its own.
There are also many movie-clip reports of such strange slopes at many places all over the world as shown at
many YouTube websites listed in Appendix A.
Some Chinese websites listed in Appendix B indicate that similar strange slopes have also been observed at
several other locations in China.
3.2. More Potential Locations
The hundreds of known locations of strange slopes in Section 3.1. are mostly on the existing paved roads
where cars rolled up the hills on their own and startled the drivers. But very large areas of the earth surface
are still wilderness or desert where there are no paved roads. If there are strange slopes in such wilderness
or desert areas, we probably still do not know about them because there are no paved roads for the cars to
roll up the hill.
Furthermore, if the direction of the roadway and the slope are not aligned with the direction of the strange
horizontal gravitation force, the gentle horizontal gravitation force is not strong enough to pull vehicles to move
sideway. Then nobody will notice the possible existence of a gentle horizontal gravitation force in such
locations.
Therefore, the total number of locations on the earth surface with such horizontal gravitation force from
unknown source may be much more than those known hundreds of locations described in Section 3.1.
3.3. Cluster of Gravity Hills
There are two nearby gravity hills on the same road (Gravity Hill Road) near New Paris in Pennsylvania, USA.
These two gravity hills on the same road are separated by only 0.3 miles. There are also two nearby gravity
hills on the same road (Pleasant Valley Road) near Titusville in New Jersey, USA. These two gravity hills on
the same road are separated by only about 2 miles.
As of August 2011, I have visited only four different locations of gravity hills and two out of the four locations
have such cluster of multiple nearby gravity hills. If I visit more locations in the future, I may find more clusters
of gravity hills. This means that gravity hill is often not alone, but may have one or more small areas with
gravity hill effect not too far from the known gravity hill. In other words, there may be often a cluster of nearby
gravity hills, but we may not know the existence of these additional nearby gravity hills because (1) there is
no paved road on those additional nearby gravity hills or (2) the direction of the road is not aligned with the
direction of the gravity force of the additional gravity hills, such that vehicles cannot roll uphill on such
additional gravity hills. These additional gravity hills that we do not know about may not be on the same road
as the known gravity hill in that area of cluster of gravity hills.
The existence of such cluster of multiple nearby gravity hills has important implication on the proper procedure
to measure the elevations of the top and the bottom of a gravity hill because moving a theodolite off the road
of the gravity hill being measured does not guarantee that the theodolite will not be subject to the unexpected
influence of other unknown nearby gravity hills in the cluster.
4. Is It Magnetic Force?
The following observations and tests on several strange slopes at different places indicate that it is not due to
magnetic force:
(i) People poured water on several strange slopes and the water flew uphill on such strange slopes. Some
other people put plastic water bottle with water on such strange slopes and the plastic water bottle rolled uphill
on such strange slopes. They are shown on the movie clips in the following YouTube websites:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2hAiM2yjso&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFqsdpCB-O8&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd0A4bnp-YU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Qscv5ei29Q&NR=1
(ii) People have also observed rivers flowing uphill on some strange slopes as shown in the following YouTube
websites:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9A028qv_A_0&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3PUxcSBn64&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlQSiJWkQ4I
The Water in the ditches also seems to flow uphill on both sides of the strange slope at the Magnetic Hill near
Moncton, and at other strange slopes in Ireland, China and other places,
(iii) Two plumb lines, with an iron ball on one line and a plastic ball on another line, are parallel to each other on
a strange slope in China, and
(iv) Tests by using a compass on a strange slope in China showed no unusual magnetic force.
These observations and tests ruled out magnetic force as the source for such strange phenomenon on these
strange slopes.
The following observations and tests on several strange slopes at different places indicate that it is not due to
magnetic force:
(i) People poured water on several strange slopes and the water flew uphill on such strange slopes. Some
other people put plastic water bottle with water on such strange slopes and the plastic water bottle rolled uphill
on such strange slopes. They are shown on the movie clips in the following YouTube websites:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2hAiM2yjso&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFqsdpCB-O8&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jd0A4bnp-YU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Qscv5ei29Q&NR=1
(ii) People have also observed rivers flowing uphill on some strange slopes as shown in the following YouTube
websites:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9A028qv_A_0&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3PUxcSBn64&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RlQSiJWkQ4I
The Water in the ditches also seems to flow uphill on both sides of the strange slope at the Magnetic Hill near
Moncton, and at other strange slopes in Ireland, China and other places,
(iii) Two plumb lines, with an iron ball on one line and a plastic ball on another line, are parallel to each other on
a strange slope in China, and
(iv) Tests by using a compass on a strange slope in China showed no unusual magnetic force.
These observations and tests ruled out magnetic force as the source for such strange phenomenon on these
strange slopes.
5. How About Doing Some Tests and Measurements?
One of the important questions on the strange phenomenon on all these magnetic hills, gravity hills, antigravity
hills and strange slopes all over the world is whether the strange phenomenon is due to illusion or not.
In the literature, there are various claims of proof of illusion for such strange phenomenon. However, when
these measurements, tests and proofs are examined more carefully, it is found that these existing proofs are
invalid with serious defects as explained in details in the following.
To answer this important question, there were several news articles and websites indicating that some
investigators have used precision surveyor instruments to do careful measurements of the relative heights (i.e.,
elevations) at suitable intervals (e.g., 5 meters) along the Strange Slope. Their measurements indicate that the
visually perceived lowest point of the Strange Slope is “actually” higher than the visually perceived highest point
on the slope. Being shocked and stunned by such measurement results, they conclude that the strange
phenomenon on the Strange Slope is all due to the illusion of the visual perception.
However, the problems in these measurements are described in the following.
5.1. Problems of Using Traditional Land Survey Method on Gravity Hills
The key problem in using typical land survey instruments for measurements on these strange slopes of gravity
hills is the use of plumb line and Spirit/Level Bubble as explained in the following:
5.1.1. Problems of Spirit/Level Bubble and Plumb Line on Gravity Hills
Precision measurements of angles in land survey method require the use of precision angle measurement
instrument known as theodolite. For precision measurements, the theodolite must be (A) placed precisely and
vertically over a reference point to be measured. This is known as centering, and (B) its vertical axis aligned
with local gravity, known as leveling. The former is done using a plumb line or plumb bob, the latter using a
“spirit bubble” or “level bubble”. The plumb line or the spirit/level bubble or a long water hose depend on the
local gravitaty force to establish the local vertical direction and local horizontal plane as the key basic
references for various precision measurements. The required careful and elaborate procedure to achieve the
critical centering and leveling are demonstrated by an instructional video on the following YouTube website:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9U0xlmCzGI&feature=related
With such careful centering and leveling, the measured results from such theodolite are usually very accurate at
many "regular" locations with no strange phenomenon.
However, at the very special location of a gravity hill, many people over hundreds of years have noticed
consistently the very strange phenomenon of water flowing uphill, water bottles rolling uphill, vehicles in neutral
gear rolling uphill, barrels and bales of dry goods rolling mysteriously “uphill”, etc. Many kinds of strange
names such as Gravity hill, Anti-gravity Hill, Confusion Hill, Magnetic Hill, Magic Hill, Mystery Hill, Spook Hill,
Strange Slope, etc. have been used to describe such “strange place”. Such long history provides a strong
indication that something is very strange on such gravity hill. The local gravity field may be abnormal and may
have a strong horizontal component from a strange unknown source and the horizontal gravity force is strong
enough to pull vehicles to roll uphill.
This means that the plumb line or the spirit/level bubbl or a long water hose used in the land survey instruments
at the strange slope of a gravity hill may be also affected and tilted by such strong horizontal component of
gravity force. The consequence is that the basic reference local vertical direction and local horizontal plane
established by the plumb line and by the spirit/level bubble or by a long water hose may be also tilted and may
not be the true vertical direction and true horizontal plane any more. Since the horizontal component of gravity
force is strong enough to pull vehicles to roll uphill, it is also strong enough to pull the plumb line and the level
bubble such that the basic reference local vertical direction and local horizontal plane of the theodolite are tilted
and are not correct. With such strong horizontal pull, the tilted angle of the wrong horizontal plane can be
greater than the sloping angle of the gravity hill such that the measurements end up giving the wrong result of
indicating an uphill slope as a downhill slope on the gravity hill. Such measured wrong results often shock and
stun the investigator such that the investigator, who performed such defective measurements, proclaims that
the visually perceived uphill slope on the measured gravity hill is an illusion.
Therefore, the results and the conclusion from such “precision measurements” to prove illusion may not be
trusted unless the measurement method(s) and their principle(s) (1) are clearly described and (2) are proven
to be unaffected by the possible horizontal component of gravity force that may exist at such strange places.
This potential deficiency of spirit/level bubble at such strange slopes has been noted by other people as shown
in the following paragraph:
"It would be impossible to prove or disprove the antigravity phenomenon using a spirit level as described. If the
antigravity effect can act on a motor car, it can probably also act on a few millilitres of fluid containing a
bubble, causing the bubble to float downhill instead of uphill. I'm surprised the Skeptical Inquirer fell for that
one." quoted from the following website:
http://www.newscientist.com/backpage.ns?id=lw118
Many people miss the serious problems of level bubble and plumb line that may negate the precision of such
land survey measurements on these strange slopes of gravity hills. Therefore, many people fall into this trap of
erroneously accepting such use of plumb line or spirit/level bubble or long water hose as a valid proof of illusion
for the strange phenomenon on these strange slopes. Consequently, we see the word "illusion" all over the
place in many articles and websites when they refer to this strange phenomenon on these strange slopes.
The bottom line is that one cannot trust the measurements and indications from a plumb line or a spirit/level
bubble or long water hose on such strange slope unless one has independent measurements from other
independent and more sophisticated gravity measurement instruments to make certain that there is no
horizontal component of gravity in the area of the strange slope.
5.1.2. Bubble Level CANNOT Resolve the Mystery on Strange Slopes
Let me use a simple example to illustrate that a bubble level (or its equivalent of plumb line or water hose)
CANNOT resolve the mystery on those strange slopes. It requires better method(s) to be able to resolve this
mystery.
(1). Let us define a simple straight slope with Point B as the lowest point (Bottom) on this slope and Point
T as the highest point at Top of the slope. Suppose this slope is positive 5 degrees from Point B to Point T and
Point T is higher than Point B by 50 feet.
(2). If one uses good methods, that are immune to the effects of a local horizontal gravitation force on the
strange slope, to do measurements, the measured results from such good methods always give the correct
description of the slope as defined in Item (1) above, no matter whether there is a horizontal gravitation force
on that slope or not. Examples of good methods are Survey Grade Comparator type GPS with multiple GPS
receivers as described in Section 6 or laser ranging method from an aircraft.
(3). However, if there is a horizontal component of gravitation force from an unknown source in that area,
the combined gravitation force including this horizontal component is now tilted by a small angle from the real
vertical direction. The amount of tilted angle depends on the strength of this horizontal component of gravitation
force relative to the regular vertical gravitation force. Suppose tilted angle is 7 degrees.
(4). Then the “horizontal” plane established by a bubble level (or a plumb line or a long water hose) is
tilted by 7 degrees. But the surveyor does not know such tilt without using other more sophisticated
measurement device(s) to detect such tilt and such horizontal component of gravitation force from an unknown
source. So, the surveyor still assumes that the “tilted” horizontal plane is the “correct” horizontal plane as the
basic reference plane in that area. When the surveyor compares this “tilted” horizontal plane with the slope
from B to T, he finds that the slope is a downhill slope of negative 2 degrees (i.e., 5 degrees minus 7 degrees)
from B to T. Therefore, the surveyor is stunned by such measurement results and claims that the slope is a
downhill slope and that hilltop Point T is lower than bottom Point B by 20 feet based on his careful
measurements (with the tilted reference horizontal plane).
(5). In other words, if one uses a bubble level (or plumb line or a long water hose) to do the
measurements on a strange slope, the conclusion is not constant, but depends on how strong is the local
horizontal component of gravitation force, and cannot give the correct description of the slope as defined in
Item (1) unless it is absolutely certain that there is no horizontal component of gravitational force in that area of
strange slope. Such measured results may indicate that Point T is higher than Point B by 50 feet (if there is no
horizontal gravitation force there) or that Point T is lower than Point B by 20 feet (if there is a strong horizontal
gravitation force in that area). Furthermore, using the bubble level alone without the help of other more
sophisticated measurements CANNOT tell if the “horizontal plane” is tilted or not and CANNOT tell if there is a
horizontal gravitation force in that local area or not. Therefore, the bubble level method or plumb line method or
long water hose method sweeps all the important factors under the rug and just simply declares that the car
rolls down the downhill slope and that Point T is lower than Point B which is NOT true according to the slope as
defined in Item (1).
5.1.3. Impacts of Cluster of Gravity Hills on Measurements on Gravity Hills
To avoid the unexpected strong influence of a gravity hill on the level bubble and plumb line or a long water
hose in the measurements of the elevations of the top and the bottom of a gravity hill, some people have
suggested moving the thoedolite from the slope of the gravity hill to one or more locations at some distance
away from the gravity hill. However, the existence of possible several unknown gravity hills in a cluster of
gravity hills near the known gravity hill may pose a serious challenge on how to select the suitable location(s)
for the theodolite to avoid the unexpected influence from these unknown gravity hills in the cluster.
5.2. Contradictory Results from GPS Measurements
In view of the problem of plumb line or spirit/level bubble or water hose on these strange slopes described in
Section 5.1, some people naturally will look for other methods to measure the elevations on these strange
slopes without having to depend on the spirit bubble to establish the local reference horizontal plane. One of
the possible candidates is the use of GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver which should be less likely to
be influenced by the potential local strange force. It may be a better method for measurements of the
elevations on these strange slopes.
Two investigators have done two such sets of independent measurements by using GPS receiver on a strange
slope known as the Gravity Hill near New Paris in Bedford County in Pennsylvania, USA.
Results of investigator (A) is in the following website (A):
http://www.research.umbc.edu/~frizzell/pabedcogravhill.html
Results of investigator (B) is in the following two websites (B):
http://www.groupsrv.com/science/about7161.html
http://www.groupsrv.com/science/post-31649.html
However, the results from these two independent measurements using GPS are totally opposite and
contradictory.
Results of Investigator (A) indicate that the lowest point by visual perception on this section of road at Gravity
Hill is higher than the highest point by visual perception and conclude that the strange phenomenon at this
Gravity Hill is due to illusion.
But the independent second set of measurements by GPS from investigator (B) indicates that the lowest point
and the highest point by visual perceptions on this strange slope at Gravity Hill are indeed correct as confirmed
by his GPS measurements. The conclusion from investigator (B) is that this strange phenomenon at the Gravity
Hill is NOT an illusion.
The key reason for such contradictory results from GPS measurements is due to the large and time varying
error in elevation measurements by using a single GPS receiver as described in the next Section.
5.3. Accuracy of Single GPS Receiver
According to the website of a major supplier, Garmin, of GPS receivers at:
http://www.garmin.com/aboutGPS/
The accuracy of the basic, older version of single GPS receiver is about 15 meters (50 feet) on average which
is not good enough for our purpose of measurements on these strange slopes because the difference between
the high point and the low point may be only 10 to 15 feet on these strange slopes.
The use of newer Differential GPS (DGPS) single receiver that includes correction signal from land-based
broadcasting stations may achieve an accuracy of 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16 feet).
Furthermore, the newer GPS single receiver that includes the correction signal from the WAAS (Wide Area
Augmentation System) coming from geostationary satellite broadcast, may improve the accuracy to better than
3 meters (10 feet) on average.
However, these accuracy numbers are referring to the navigation position on the horizontal plane. It says that
at least three GPS satellites must be visible to the GPS receiver in order to determine the horizontal position,
but at least four GPS satellites must be visible to the GPS receiver in order to determine the elevation. This
implies that the elevation measurements are more vulnerable to errors. Information on some other websites on
GPS indicate that the accuracy in elevation measurements may be worse than those on horizontal plane by
about a factor of 3. This makes the accuracy of elevation measurements by single GPS receiver on such
strange slopes highly questionable.
These GPS accuracy numbers are usually given as "on average" which means that the measurement error is
time variing depending on several factors listed near the bottom of the Garmin website given above. For
example, one of such factors is called Geometrical Dilution of Precision that can degrade the precision in
certain cases. This happens when several of the orbiting GPS satellites seen from the GPS receiver are in a
similar (angular) position relative to the receiver. It makes the precision much worse than if the seen satellites
have equal angular spacing over the sky.
The 24 GPS satellites are moving rapidly on their orbits and their relative positions, as seen from a GPS
receiver, vary rapidly because these satellites are not on high orbits of synchronous satellites. Such rapid
variations in their relative positions viewed from a GPS receiver result in rapidly time varying measurement
errors. I did a test personally by holding a GPS receiver at a fixed location and just watch the measured
elevation displayed on the GPS receiver screen. The displayed elevation is not constant but is time varying
every few seconds and may vary by as much as 100 feet even though the GPS receiver is not moving at all. All
such variations are due entirely to the time varying measurement error.
Furthermore, I put two GPS receivers, of identical model from the same manufacturers, side by side with no
space between the touching sides of the two receivers, the measured elevations displayed on the two identical
GPS receivers are different!
The bottom line is that the accuracy of using a single GPS receiver is not good enough for accurate
determination on which end of the slope of a gravity hill is higher.
A more accurate comparator measurement method using multiple GPS receivers is described in Section 6.
5.4. Topographic Map
Some people have suggested looking at the local topographic map near the area of a strange slope to
determine which ends of the strange slope is really higher. It seems to me that there are several possible
methods used to generate those topographic maps such as (1) old fashion land survey instruments that
depend on a spirit/level bubble to establish local reference horizontal plane for measurements, (2) airborne
laser or radar ranging technique, (3) satellite based laser or radar ranging technique.
If the local topographic map near a strange slope was generated by method (1) using a spirit/level bubble, then
such map cannot be trusted to resolve the illusion issue because of the problem of spirit/level bubble described
in Section 5.1.
5.5. Status of Scientific Proof of Illusion
The investigator (B) appeared to be using the regular single GPS navigation receiver based on the information
on the websites (B) listed in Section 5.2. Furthermore, in the information in website (A) listed in Section 5.2,
there is no mention of multiple GPS receivers, no mention of survey grade GPS receiver(s), no mention of
distance between the two or more GPS receivers, no mention of error-combating measurement techniques
described in Section 6.1. Therefore, I have to assume that investigator (A) was also using a single GPS
receiver for that set of measurements.
With the contradictory results from investigators (A) and (B) subjecting to the serious accuracy limitations
described in Section 5.3. for single GPS receivers, we cannot trust the measurement results from such
measurements using a single GPS receiver.
With the problem of plumb line and spirit/level bubble described in Section 5.1. and the measurement errors of
single GPS receiver described in Section 5.3, the existing measurement results, as far as I know, cannot be
trusted as valid proof of illusion for the strange phenomenon on these strange slopes.
Even though many articles and websites refer to this strange phenomenon at various magnetic hills, gravity
hills, antigravity hills and strange slopes as an illusion, as far as I know as of today (August 15, 2011), there
are still no credible measurements done to prove that the strange phenomenon on these strange slopes is due
entirely to illusion. It is still an open issue waiting for better and more accurate measurement method to be
done in the future on these strange slopes to resolve this open issue.
A possible method using multiple GPS receivers with much better accuracy is described in the next Section.
One of the important questions on the strange phenomenon on all these magnetic hills, gravity hills, antigravity
hills and strange slopes all over the world is whether the strange phenomenon is due to illusion or not.
In the literature, there are various claims of proof of illusion for such strange phenomenon. However, when
these measurements, tests and proofs are examined more carefully, it is found that these existing proofs are
invalid with serious defects as explained in details in the following.
To answer this important question, there were several news articles and websites indicating that some
investigators have used precision surveyor instruments to do careful measurements of the relative heights (i.e.,
elevations) at suitable intervals (e.g., 5 meters) along the Strange Slope. Their measurements indicate that the
visually perceived lowest point of the Strange Slope is “actually” higher than the visually perceived highest point
on the slope. Being shocked and stunned by such measurement results, they conclude that the strange
phenomenon on the Strange Slope is all due to the illusion of the visual perception.
However, the problems in these measurements are described in the following.
5.1. Problems of Using Traditional Land Survey Method on Gravity Hills
The key problem in using typical land survey instruments for measurements on these strange slopes of gravity
hills is the use of plumb line and Spirit/Level Bubble as explained in the following:
5.1.1. Problems of Spirit/Level Bubble and Plumb Line on Gravity Hills
Precision measurements of angles in land survey method require the use of precision angle measurement
instrument known as theodolite. For precision measurements, the theodolite must be (A) placed precisely and
vertically over a reference point to be measured. This is known as centering, and (B) its vertical axis aligned
with local gravity, known as leveling. The former is done using a plumb line or plumb bob, the latter using a
“spirit bubble” or “level bubble”. The plumb line or the spirit/level bubble or a long water hose depend on the
local gravitaty force to establish the local vertical direction and local horizontal plane as the key basic
references for various precision measurements. The required careful and elaborate procedure to achieve the
critical centering and leveling are demonstrated by an instructional video on the following YouTube website:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9U0xlmCzGI&feature=related
With such careful centering and leveling, the measured results from such theodolite are usually very accurate at
many "regular" locations with no strange phenomenon.
However, at the very special location of a gravity hill, many people over hundreds of years have noticed
consistently the very strange phenomenon of water flowing uphill, water bottles rolling uphill, vehicles in neutral
gear rolling uphill, barrels and bales of dry goods rolling mysteriously “uphill”, etc. Many kinds of strange
names such as Gravity hill, Anti-gravity Hill, Confusion Hill, Magnetic Hill, Magic Hill, Mystery Hill, Spook Hill,
Strange Slope, etc. have been used to describe such “strange place”. Such long history provides a strong
indication that something is very strange on such gravity hill. The local gravity field may be abnormal and may
have a strong horizontal component from a strange unknown source and the horizontal gravity force is strong
enough to pull vehicles to roll uphill.
This means that the plumb line or the spirit/level bubbl or a long water hose used in the land survey instruments
at the strange slope of a gravity hill may be also affected and tilted by such strong horizontal component of
gravity force. The consequence is that the basic reference local vertical direction and local horizontal plane
established by the plumb line and by the spirit/level bubble or by a long water hose may be also tilted and may
not be the true vertical direction and true horizontal plane any more. Since the horizontal component of gravity
force is strong enough to pull vehicles to roll uphill, it is also strong enough to pull the plumb line and the level
bubble such that the basic reference local vertical direction and local horizontal plane of the theodolite are tilted
and are not correct. With such strong horizontal pull, the tilted angle of the wrong horizontal plane can be
greater than the sloping angle of the gravity hill such that the measurements end up giving the wrong result of
indicating an uphill slope as a downhill slope on the gravity hill. Such measured wrong results often shock and
stun the investigator such that the investigator, who performed such defective measurements, proclaims that
the visually perceived uphill slope on the measured gravity hill is an illusion.
Therefore, the results and the conclusion from such “precision measurements” to prove illusion may not be
trusted unless the measurement method(s) and their principle(s) (1) are clearly described and (2) are proven
to be unaffected by the possible horizontal component of gravity force that may exist at such strange places.
This potential deficiency of spirit/level bubble at such strange slopes has been noted by other people as shown
in the following paragraph:
"It would be impossible to prove or disprove the antigravity phenomenon using a spirit level as described. If the
antigravity effect can act on a motor car, it can probably also act on a few millilitres of fluid containing a
bubble, causing the bubble to float downhill instead of uphill. I'm surprised the Skeptical Inquirer fell for that
one." quoted from the following website:
http://www.newscientist.com/backpage.ns?id=lw118
Many people miss the serious problems of level bubble and plumb line that may negate the precision of such
land survey measurements on these strange slopes of gravity hills. Therefore, many people fall into this trap of
erroneously accepting such use of plumb line or spirit/level bubble or long water hose as a valid proof of illusion
for the strange phenomenon on these strange slopes. Consequently, we see the word "illusion" all over the
place in many articles and websites when they refer to this strange phenomenon on these strange slopes.
The bottom line is that one cannot trust the measurements and indications from a plumb line or a spirit/level
bubble or long water hose on such strange slope unless one has independent measurements from other
independent and more sophisticated gravity measurement instruments to make certain that there is no
horizontal component of gravity in the area of the strange slope.
5.1.2. Bubble Level CANNOT Resolve the Mystery on Strange Slopes
Let me use a simple example to illustrate that a bubble level (or its equivalent of plumb line or water hose)
CANNOT resolve the mystery on those strange slopes. It requires better method(s) to be able to resolve this
mystery.
(1). Let us define a simple straight slope with Point B as the lowest point (Bottom) on this slope and Point
T as the highest point at Top of the slope. Suppose this slope is positive 5 degrees from Point B to Point T and
Point T is higher than Point B by 50 feet.
(2). If one uses good methods, that are immune to the effects of a local horizontal gravitation force on the
strange slope, to do measurements, the measured results from such good methods always give the correct
description of the slope as defined in Item (1) above, no matter whether there is a horizontal gravitation force
on that slope or not. Examples of good methods are Survey Grade Comparator type GPS with multiple GPS
receivers as described in Section 6 or laser ranging method from an aircraft.
(3). However, if there is a horizontal component of gravitation force from an unknown source in that area,
the combined gravitation force including this horizontal component is now tilted by a small angle from the real
vertical direction. The amount of tilted angle depends on the strength of this horizontal component of gravitation
force relative to the regular vertical gravitation force. Suppose tilted angle is 7 degrees.
(4). Then the “horizontal” plane established by a bubble level (or a plumb line or a long water hose) is
tilted by 7 degrees. But the surveyor does not know such tilt without using other more sophisticated
measurement device(s) to detect such tilt and such horizontal component of gravitation force from an unknown
source. So, the surveyor still assumes that the “tilted” horizontal plane is the “correct” horizontal plane as the
basic reference plane in that area. When the surveyor compares this “tilted” horizontal plane with the slope
from B to T, he finds that the slope is a downhill slope of negative 2 degrees (i.e., 5 degrees minus 7 degrees)
from B to T. Therefore, the surveyor is stunned by such measurement results and claims that the slope is a
downhill slope and that hilltop Point T is lower than bottom Point B by 20 feet based on his careful
measurements (with the tilted reference horizontal plane).
(5). In other words, if one uses a bubble level (or plumb line or a long water hose) to do the
measurements on a strange slope, the conclusion is not constant, but depends on how strong is the local
horizontal component of gravitation force, and cannot give the correct description of the slope as defined in
Item (1) unless it is absolutely certain that there is no horizontal component of gravitational force in that area of
strange slope. Such measured results may indicate that Point T is higher than Point B by 50 feet (if there is no
horizontal gravitation force there) or that Point T is lower than Point B by 20 feet (if there is a strong horizontal
gravitation force in that area). Furthermore, using the bubble level alone without the help of other more
sophisticated measurements CANNOT tell if the “horizontal plane” is tilted or not and CANNOT tell if there is a
horizontal gravitation force in that local area or not. Therefore, the bubble level method or plumb line method or
long water hose method sweeps all the important factors under the rug and just simply declares that the car
rolls down the downhill slope and that Point T is lower than Point B which is NOT true according to the slope as
defined in Item (1).
5.1.3. Impacts of Cluster of Gravity Hills on Measurements on Gravity Hills
To avoid the unexpected strong influence of a gravity hill on the level bubble and plumb line or a long water
hose in the measurements of the elevations of the top and the bottom of a gravity hill, some people have
suggested moving the thoedolite from the slope of the gravity hill to one or more locations at some distance
away from the gravity hill. However, the existence of possible several unknown gravity hills in a cluster of
gravity hills near the known gravity hill may pose a serious challenge on how to select the suitable location(s)
for the theodolite to avoid the unexpected influence from these unknown gravity hills in the cluster.
5.2. Contradictory Results from GPS Measurements
In view of the problem of plumb line or spirit/level bubble or water hose on these strange slopes described in
Section 5.1, some people naturally will look for other methods to measure the elevations on these strange
slopes without having to depend on the spirit bubble to establish the local reference horizontal plane. One of
the possible candidates is the use of GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver which should be less likely to
be influenced by the potential local strange force. It may be a better method for measurements of the
elevations on these strange slopes.
Two investigators have done two such sets of independent measurements by using GPS receiver on a strange
slope known as the Gravity Hill near New Paris in Bedford County in Pennsylvania, USA.
Results of investigator (A) is in the following website (A):
http://www.research.umbc.edu/~frizzell/pabedcogravhill.html
Results of investigator (B) is in the following two websites (B):
http://www.groupsrv.com/science/about7161.html
http://www.groupsrv.com/science/post-31649.html
However, the results from these two independent measurements using GPS are totally opposite and
contradictory.
Results of Investigator (A) indicate that the lowest point by visual perception on this section of road at Gravity
Hill is higher than the highest point by visual perception and conclude that the strange phenomenon at this
Gravity Hill is due to illusion.
But the independent second set of measurements by GPS from investigator (B) indicates that the lowest point
and the highest point by visual perceptions on this strange slope at Gravity Hill are indeed correct as confirmed
by his GPS measurements. The conclusion from investigator (B) is that this strange phenomenon at the Gravity
Hill is NOT an illusion.
The key reason for such contradictory results from GPS measurements is due to the large and time varying
error in elevation measurements by using a single GPS receiver as described in the next Section.
5.3. Accuracy of Single GPS Receiver
According to the website of a major supplier, Garmin, of GPS receivers at:
http://www.garmin.com/aboutGPS/
The accuracy of the basic, older version of single GPS receiver is about 15 meters (50 feet) on average which
is not good enough for our purpose of measurements on these strange slopes because the difference between
the high point and the low point may be only 10 to 15 feet on these strange slopes.
The use of newer Differential GPS (DGPS) single receiver that includes correction signal from land-based
broadcasting stations may achieve an accuracy of 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16 feet).
Furthermore, the newer GPS single receiver that includes the correction signal from the WAAS (Wide Area
Augmentation System) coming from geostationary satellite broadcast, may improve the accuracy to better than
3 meters (10 feet) on average.
However, these accuracy numbers are referring to the navigation position on the horizontal plane. It says that
at least three GPS satellites must be visible to the GPS receiver in order to determine the horizontal position,
but at least four GPS satellites must be visible to the GPS receiver in order to determine the elevation. This
implies that the elevation measurements are more vulnerable to errors. Information on some other websites on
GPS indicate that the accuracy in elevation measurements may be worse than those on horizontal plane by
about a factor of 3. This makes the accuracy of elevation measurements by single GPS receiver on such
strange slopes highly questionable.
These GPS accuracy numbers are usually given as "on average" which means that the measurement error is
time variing depending on several factors listed near the bottom of the Garmin website given above. For
example, one of such factors is called Geometrical Dilution of Precision that can degrade the precision in
certain cases. This happens when several of the orbiting GPS satellites seen from the GPS receiver are in a
similar (angular) position relative to the receiver. It makes the precision much worse than if the seen satellites
have equal angular spacing over the sky.
The 24 GPS satellites are moving rapidly on their orbits and their relative positions, as seen from a GPS
receiver, vary rapidly because these satellites are not on high orbits of synchronous satellites. Such rapid
variations in their relative positions viewed from a GPS receiver result in rapidly time varying measurement
errors. I did a test personally by holding a GPS receiver at a fixed location and just watch the measured
elevation displayed on the GPS receiver screen. The displayed elevation is not constant but is time varying
every few seconds and may vary by as much as 100 feet even though the GPS receiver is not moving at all. All
such variations are due entirely to the time varying measurement error.
Furthermore, I put two GPS receivers, of identical model from the same manufacturers, side by side with no
space between the touching sides of the two receivers, the measured elevations displayed on the two identical
GPS receivers are different!
The bottom line is that the accuracy of using a single GPS receiver is not good enough for accurate
determination on which end of the slope of a gravity hill is higher.
A more accurate comparator measurement method using multiple GPS receivers is described in Section 6.
5.4. Topographic Map
Some people have suggested looking at the local topographic map near the area of a strange slope to
determine which ends of the strange slope is really higher. It seems to me that there are several possible
methods used to generate those topographic maps such as (1) old fashion land survey instruments that
depend on a spirit/level bubble to establish local reference horizontal plane for measurements, (2) airborne
laser or radar ranging technique, (3) satellite based laser or radar ranging technique.
If the local topographic map near a strange slope was generated by method (1) using a spirit/level bubble, then
such map cannot be trusted to resolve the illusion issue because of the problem of spirit/level bubble described
in Section 5.1.
5.5. Status of Scientific Proof of Illusion
The investigator (B) appeared to be using the regular single GPS navigation receiver based on the information
on the websites (B) listed in Section 5.2. Furthermore, in the information in website (A) listed in Section 5.2,
there is no mention of multiple GPS receivers, no mention of survey grade GPS receiver(s), no mention of
distance between the two or more GPS receivers, no mention of error-combating measurement techniques
described in Section 6.1. Therefore, I have to assume that investigator (A) was also using a single GPS
receiver for that set of measurements.
With the contradictory results from investigators (A) and (B) subjecting to the serious accuracy limitations
described in Section 5.3. for single GPS receivers, we cannot trust the measurement results from such
measurements using a single GPS receiver.
With the problem of plumb line and spirit/level bubble described in Section 5.1. and the measurement errors of
single GPS receiver described in Section 5.3, the existing measurement results, as far as I know, cannot be
trusted as valid proof of illusion for the strange phenomenon on these strange slopes.
Even though many articles and websites refer to this strange phenomenon at various magnetic hills, gravity
hills, antigravity hills and strange slopes as an illusion, as far as I know as of today (August 15, 2011), there
are still no credible measurements done to prove that the strange phenomenon on these strange slopes is due
entirely to illusion. It is still an open issue waiting for better and more accurate measurement method to be
done in the future on these strange slopes to resolve this open issue.
A possible method using multiple GPS receivers with much better accuracy is described in the next Section.
6. Need for Higher Precision Survey Grade GPS With Multiple GPS Receivers
There are other better methods to determine if those strange slopes are uphill slope or down hill slopes. An
example for such better methods is described in this section.
I thank Anders Pettersson and Chuck Blatchley for sending me valuable information by e-mail to help me
understand that much higher precision has been achieved in the Survey Grade, comparator type of multiple
GPS receivers. The cost of regular single GPS receiver is in the order of a few hundred US dollars. But, the
special comparator GPS receivers used in land survey applications are much more sophisticated, costing
about US$10,000 and can achieve the accuracy in the order of centimeters. Such accuracy is very good for
our measurements on the strange slopes to see which ends of the strange slope is really higher.
Some key time-varying measurement errors in a single GPS receiver are reasonably uniform over a fairly large
geographic area for GPS receiver location. If we place two GPS receivers for simultaneous measurements,
one on the visually perceived lowest point on the strange slope and another one on the perceived highest point,
a few hundred feet away, and use suitable computer software to compare and to subtract the measured
absolute elevations from these two GPS receivers, the common and time-varying measurement errors from
these two GPS receivers are subtracted out leaving only the real difference between the elevations at these
two simultaneous measurement locations. In this way, the comparator GPS with two or more receivers can
achieve much better accuracy of differential elevation in the order of centimeters and is much better than those
of single GPS receiver for our application here on strange slopes.
6.1. Error-Combating Measurement Techniques
Experienced users of GPS receivers with suitable training learned to read the satellite report screen on the
GPS receiver to be able to tell if the measurements will be good or not, judging by the number of "seen" GPS
satellites, their signal strengths and the placements of these orbiting satellites in the sky at the measurement
moment.
Achieving centimeter-precision by GPS measurement with comparator multiple receivers demands that (1) the
operator takes quite a few readings and (2) have very good Survey Grade GPS receivers, (3) especially dual
band L1/L2 Survey Grade GPS receivers which are more expensive in the order of US $10,000, (4) with
preferably minimum of eight visible GPS satellites nicely laid out in the sky, plus (5) the WAAS augmentation
system running. Such a precision instrument would cycle in on very good precision within a few minutes. (6)
However, such accuracy will not be maintained if the GPS receivers are moving. (7) Usually the operator
needs to make several hundred readings in one place - so allowing up to 15 minutes for it to gain precision can
sometimes be necessary.
There are other better methods to determine if those strange slopes are uphill slope or down hill slopes. An
example for such better methods is described in this section.
I thank Anders Pettersson and Chuck Blatchley for sending me valuable information by e-mail to help me
understand that much higher precision has been achieved in the Survey Grade, comparator type of multiple
GPS receivers. The cost of regular single GPS receiver is in the order of a few hundred US dollars. But, the
special comparator GPS receivers used in land survey applications are much more sophisticated, costing
about US$10,000 and can achieve the accuracy in the order of centimeters. Such accuracy is very good for
our measurements on the strange slopes to see which ends of the strange slope is really higher.
Some key time-varying measurement errors in a single GPS receiver are reasonably uniform over a fairly large
geographic area for GPS receiver location. If we place two GPS receivers for simultaneous measurements,
one on the visually perceived lowest point on the strange slope and another one on the perceived highest point,
a few hundred feet away, and use suitable computer software to compare and to subtract the measured
absolute elevations from these two GPS receivers, the common and time-varying measurement errors from
these two GPS receivers are subtracted out leaving only the real difference between the elevations at these
two simultaneous measurement locations. In this way, the comparator GPS with two or more receivers can
achieve much better accuracy of differential elevation in the order of centimeters and is much better than those
of single GPS receiver for our application here on strange slopes.
6.1. Error-Combating Measurement Techniques
Experienced users of GPS receivers with suitable training learned to read the satellite report screen on the
GPS receiver to be able to tell if the measurements will be good or not, judging by the number of "seen" GPS
satellites, their signal strengths and the placements of these orbiting satellites in the sky at the measurement
moment.
Achieving centimeter-precision by GPS measurement with comparator multiple receivers demands that (1) the
operator takes quite a few readings and (2) have very good Survey Grade GPS receivers, (3) especially dual
band L1/L2 Survey Grade GPS receivers which are more expensive in the order of US $10,000, (4) with
preferably minimum of eight visible GPS satellites nicely laid out in the sky, plus (5) the WAAS augmentation
system running. Such a precision instrument would cycle in on very good precision within a few minutes. (6)
However, such accuracy will not be maintained if the GPS receivers are moving. (7) Usually the operator
needs to make several hundred readings in one place - so allowing up to 15 minutes for it to gain precision can
sometimes be necessary.
7. In Case If It Is Proven To Be An Illusion
In Section 6, we described a possible more accurate method for measurements on the strange slopes to see
which end is really higher. If such more accurate measurements are done on such strange slopes in the future,
and if the results show that this strange phenomenon on such strange slopes is due entirely to illusion,
everybody will be happy to see that this long-standing open issue is finally resolved and proven scientifically to
be an illusion. (However, Pictures 7 and 8 and the views from the three video clips in Section 1 provide
indications that this strange phenomenon is NOT due to illusion.)
8. In Case If It Is Not An Illusion
On the other hand, if the results of such future precision measurements surprise us to show that this strange
phenomenon is NOT an illusion. This means that there is a strange force at these strange slopes that our
human scientific knowledge still does not understand it well. It may represent an important milestone in human
exploration of the nature. The unknown source of such strange force may be in the league of dark matter, dark
force, etc. in that 96% of our universe that is still not well understood by our human scientific knowledge as
discussed in the following Section 9.
In Section 6, we described a possible more accurate method for measurements on the strange slopes to see
which end is really higher. If such more accurate measurements are done on such strange slopes in the future,
and if the results show that this strange phenomenon on such strange slopes is due entirely to illusion,
everybody will be happy to see that this long-standing open issue is finally resolved and proven scientifically to
be an illusion. (However, Pictures 7 and 8 and the views from the three video clips in Section 1 provide
indications that this strange phenomenon is NOT due to illusion.)
8. In Case If It Is Not An Illusion
On the other hand, if the results of such future precision measurements surprise us to show that this strange
phenomenon is NOT an illusion. This means that there is a strange force at these strange slopes that our
human scientific knowledge still does not understand it well. It may represent an important milestone in human
exploration of the nature. The unknown source of such strange force may be in the league of dark matter, dark
force, etc. in that 96% of our universe that is still not well understood by our human scientific knowledge as
discussed in the following Section 9.
9. Struggle of Science with Unknown Nature
Several aspects at the cutting edge of science are relevant and important to the understanding of the strange
phenomenon on gravity hills. They include Dark Matter, Anomalies in Spacecraft Trajectories in Solar System,
String Theory, M-Theory and Parallel Universe and they are briefly described in this Section 9.
Several aspects at the cutting edge of science are relevant and important to the understanding of the strange
phenomenon on gravity hills. They include Dark Matter, Anomalies in Spacecraft Trajectories in Solar System,
String Theory, M-Theory and Parallel Universe and they are briefly described in this Section 9.
9.1. Dark Matter
Fritz Zwicky in California Institute of Technology first discovered evidence of dark matter in 1933, based on his
observation and analysis of dynamics of Coma cluster of thousands of galaxies. He found that the luminous
matter of the Coma galaxy cluster is far from enough to support the high velocities of the galaxies in the
cluster. His conclusion is that some unknown dark mater must be present with a much greater density than
luminous matter. But Zwicky’s discovery in 1933 did not receive much attention until Vera Rubin’s work in 1970.
In 1970, Vera Rubin discovered galactic rotational problem during her pioneering work on observation and
studies of the orbiting velocities of clouds of ionized hydrogen and stars as a function of distance from the
galactic center. Rubin found that the orbiting velocities of stars and gas clouds did not decrease as expected
with increasing distance from the galactic center. In other words, the observed orbiting velocities of the
stars/ionized hydrogen clouds in the galaxy contradict the prediction from the existing theory of gravity.
The luminous matter in the galaxy is not sufficient to hold the outer stars and clouds that are observed to be
orbiting too fast. At least 5 times (i.e., 500 %) more mass is needed in the galaxy to hold such fast orbiting
outer stars and cloud in the galaxy. These observations and analysis implies that “dark matter” is at least 5
times more abundant than the regular matter in many galaxies. Furthermore, such additional mass cannot be
all concentrated in the galactic center, but must be distributed throughout the space of the galaxy to be able to
support such strange rotation behavior of the galaxy.
Subsequent observations by using gravitational lensing also imply the existence of large amount of dark matter
consistent with the earlier discoveries of Vera Rubin and Fritz Zwicky.
Some more information on dark matter can be found at the following websites:
http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_astro/dark_matter.html
http://xxx.lanl.gov/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/9904/9904251.pdf
http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=4994
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/22/nasa_darkmatter/
http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/space/02/24/dark.galaxy/index.html
http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2896
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0308/cl0024_hstcomp_full.jpg
A team of scientists jointly provide in-depth and detailed explanation for surprising discoveries of dark matter
and dark energy in the following BBC Horizon (2006) documentary TV programs entitled " Dark Matter: Most
of Our Universe Is Missing " at:
Most of Our Universe Is Missing 1 of 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyc76PKz5BQ&feature=&p=C0E6045C2C997A42&index=0&playnext=1
Most of Our Universe Is Missing 2 of 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAt3zCchUCU
Most of Our Universe Is Missing 3 of 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQmBn4JYT0o&feature=BF&list=PLC0E6045C2C997A42&index=3
Most of Our Universe Is Missing 4 of 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v1XcVNZQGM&feature=related
9.1.1. Some Characteristics of Dark Matter
The accumulated scientific evidences so far indicate that:
(1) The normal matter, that our human scientific knowledge understands well, constitutes only about 4 % of our
universe,
(2) The dark matter that we still do not understand well constitutes about 22% of our universe, i.e., dark
matter is five times more abundant then our regular matter
(3) Dark matter and our familiar regular matter can interact only through gravity force, but do not interact in
any other way or through any other force. This means that we cannot see dark matter and cannot touch dark
matter, except through gravity force.
(4) The distribution of dark matter in space is not uniform and dark matter provides the gravitational scaffolding
and the super-structure for the formation of galaxies.
Fritz Zwicky in California Institute of Technology first discovered evidence of dark matter in 1933, based on his
observation and analysis of dynamics of Coma cluster of thousands of galaxies. He found that the luminous
matter of the Coma galaxy cluster is far from enough to support the high velocities of the galaxies in the
cluster. His conclusion is that some unknown dark mater must be present with a much greater density than
luminous matter. But Zwicky’s discovery in 1933 did not receive much attention until Vera Rubin’s work in 1970.
In 1970, Vera Rubin discovered galactic rotational problem during her pioneering work on observation and
studies of the orbiting velocities of clouds of ionized hydrogen and stars as a function of distance from the
galactic center. Rubin found that the orbiting velocities of stars and gas clouds did not decrease as expected
with increasing distance from the galactic center. In other words, the observed orbiting velocities of the
stars/ionized hydrogen clouds in the galaxy contradict the prediction from the existing theory of gravity.
The luminous matter in the galaxy is not sufficient to hold the outer stars and clouds that are observed to be
orbiting too fast. At least 5 times (i.e., 500 %) more mass is needed in the galaxy to hold such fast orbiting
outer stars and cloud in the galaxy. These observations and analysis implies that “dark matter” is at least 5
times more abundant than the regular matter in many galaxies. Furthermore, such additional mass cannot be
all concentrated in the galactic center, but must be distributed throughout the space of the galaxy to be able to
support such strange rotation behavior of the galaxy.
Subsequent observations by using gravitational lensing also imply the existence of large amount of dark matter
consistent with the earlier discoveries of Vera Rubin and Fritz Zwicky.
Some more information on dark matter can be found at the following websites:
http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_astro/dark_matter.html
http://xxx.lanl.gov/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/9904/9904251.pdf
http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=4994
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/08/22/nasa_darkmatter/
http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/space/02/24/dark.galaxy/index.html
http://www.astronomy.com/asy/default.aspx?c=a&id=2896
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0308/cl0024_hstcomp_full.jpg
A team of scientists jointly provide in-depth and detailed explanation for surprising discoveries of dark matter
and dark energy in the following BBC Horizon (2006) documentary TV programs entitled " Dark Matter: Most
of Our Universe Is Missing " at:
Most of Our Universe Is Missing 1 of 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyc76PKz5BQ&feature=&p=C0E6045C2C997A42&index=0&playnext=1
Most of Our Universe Is Missing 2 of 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAt3zCchUCU
Most of Our Universe Is Missing 3 of 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQmBn4JYT0o&feature=BF&list=PLC0E6045C2C997A42&index=3
Most of Our Universe Is Missing 4 of 4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v1XcVNZQGM&feature=related
9.1.1. Some Characteristics of Dark Matter
The accumulated scientific evidences so far indicate that:
(1) The normal matter, that our human scientific knowledge understands well, constitutes only about 4 % of our
universe,
(2) The dark matter that we still do not understand well constitutes about 22% of our universe, i.e., dark
matter is five times more abundant then our regular matter
(3) Dark matter and our familiar regular matter can interact only through gravity force, but do not interact in
any other way or through any other force. This means that we cannot see dark matter and cannot touch dark
matter, except through gravity force.
(4) The distribution of dark matter in space is not uniform and dark matter provides the gravitational scaffolding
and the super-structure for the formation of galaxies.
11. Concluding Remark
Section 9 shows that many scientists have observed anomalies that do not obey the existing known laws of
gravity on the inter-galactic scale, the galactic scale, and the solar system scale.
The strange phenomenon on hundreds of strange slopes on earth surface, as described in Sections 1 to 8,
may be similar anomaly that does not obey the existing known law of gravity, but on the human scale of yards
and miles instead of astronomical scale. These strange slopes may be another way for the dark side of our
universe to reveal to us the strange characteristics of the dark side of universe that our science still does not
understand well yet. It may take substantial scientific investigations, analysis and breakthrough to shed some
light on such unknown, dark side of our universe.
Fortunately, powerful teams of scientists all over the world are now actively investigating the dark side of our
universe. These hundreds of strange slopes on earth surface may open up additional windows of opportunity
for scientists to investigate the unknown, dark side of the universe.
Section 9 presents documentary video programs where several leading scientists explain the preliminary theory
of cutting edge research on parallel universes, String Theory and M-Theory. By applying such preliminary
theory of parallel universes, String Theory and M-Theory, I believe that the strange phenomenon on hundreds
of strange slopes on earth surface may be caused by the gravitational pull from the dark matters that exist on
the parallel universes. Those cold dark matters can coexist and interwoven silently with the earth in the same
space and at the same time, but we cannot see and cannot touch those dark matters because they exist on the
Level-3 type of parallel universes based on the theory of parallel universes (or on higher dimensions based on
String Theory/M-Thoery).
12. Technical Background of the Author of This Web Page
Dr. Sing H. Lin is a retired Telecommunication engineer with technical expertise in the area of radio/wireless
communication technologies and systems. He received his Ph.D. Degree in Electrical Engineering from the
University of California at Berkeley, California, USA in 1969. He joined Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, USA in
1969. He has 3 patents, a Chinese certificate of a copyright on a mapping table for Chinese Spelling Code,
and 68 technical publications and presentations in various technical conferences as listed in his web page at:
http://www.shltrip.com/Patent_and_Publication.html
When he was a Ph.D. student in the University of California at Berkeley, he did take and enjoyed the graduate
course on Radio Astronomy. As a radio engineer in Bell Laboratories, in New Jersey, USA, he participated in a
team project on radiometer measurements and experiments as related to satellite communication technologies.
He learned the Dickie radiometer technologies from a team of radio astronomers, including Robert W. Wilson,
in Bell laboratories at Crawford Hill in Holmdel, New Jersey.
His interest in astronomy continues from his student life through his professional engineering life and into his
retiree life. In his retiree sightseeing trips, he enjoyed touring the Very Large Array (VLA) site operated by the
National Radio Astronomy Observatory near Socorro and the National Solar Observatory and Apache Point
Observatory on Sacramento Peak in New Mexico, USA in February 2006. More information on Sing H. Lin is
available at the following web page:
http://www.shltrip.com/aboutus.html
His e-mail address is: SINGHLIN@GMAIL.COM
He has retired from his professional Telecom engineer job and is living in New Jersey, USA.
Section 9 shows that many scientists have observed anomalies that do not obey the existing known laws of
gravity on the inter-galactic scale, the galactic scale, and the solar system scale.
The strange phenomenon on hundreds of strange slopes on earth surface, as described in Sections 1 to 8,
may be similar anomaly that does not obey the existing known law of gravity, but on the human scale of yards
and miles instead of astronomical scale. These strange slopes may be another way for the dark side of our
universe to reveal to us the strange characteristics of the dark side of universe that our science still does not
understand well yet. It may take substantial scientific investigations, analysis and breakthrough to shed some
light on such unknown, dark side of our universe.
Fortunately, powerful teams of scientists all over the world are now actively investigating the dark side of our
universe. These hundreds of strange slopes on earth surface may open up additional windows of opportunity
for scientists to investigate the unknown, dark side of the universe.
Section 9 presents documentary video programs where several leading scientists explain the preliminary theory
of cutting edge research on parallel universes, String Theory and M-Theory. By applying such preliminary
theory of parallel universes, String Theory and M-Theory, I believe that the strange phenomenon on hundreds
of strange slopes on earth surface may be caused by the gravitational pull from the dark matters that exist on
the parallel universes. Those cold dark matters can coexist and interwoven silently with the earth in the same
space and at the same time, but we cannot see and cannot touch those dark matters because they exist on the
Level-3 type of parallel universes based on the theory of parallel universes (or on higher dimensions based on
String Theory/M-Thoery).
12. Technical Background of the Author of This Web Page
Dr. Sing H. Lin is a retired Telecommunication engineer with technical expertise in the area of radio/wireless
communication technologies and systems. He received his Ph.D. Degree in Electrical Engineering from the
University of California at Berkeley, California, USA in 1969. He joined Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, USA in
1969. He has 3 patents, a Chinese certificate of a copyright on a mapping table for Chinese Spelling Code,
and 68 technical publications and presentations in various technical conferences as listed in his web page at:
http://www.shltrip.com/Patent_and_Publication.html
When he was a Ph.D. student in the University of California at Berkeley, he did take and enjoyed the graduate
course on Radio Astronomy. As a radio engineer in Bell Laboratories, in New Jersey, USA, he participated in a
team project on radiometer measurements and experiments as related to satellite communication technologies.
He learned the Dickie radiometer technologies from a team of radio astronomers, including Robert W. Wilson,
in Bell laboratories at Crawford Hill in Holmdel, New Jersey.
His interest in astronomy continues from his student life through his professional engineering life and into his
retiree life. In his retiree sightseeing trips, he enjoyed touring the Very Large Array (VLA) site operated by the
National Radio Astronomy Observatory near Socorro and the National Solar Observatory and Apache Point
Observatory on Sacramento Peak in New Mexico, USA in February 2006. More information on Sing H. Lin is
available at the following web page:
http://www.shltrip.com/aboutus.html
His e-mail address is: SINGHLIN@GMAIL.COM
He has retired from his professional Telecom engineer job and is living in New Jersey, USA.
9.2. Observed Anomaly in Spacecraft Trajectories
Sections 9.1 describes the important astronomy observation results in galactic and inter-galactic scale that
contradict the predictions from the existing theory of gravity.
Similar contradictions have also been observed within our solar system on the mysterious anomaly in the
spacecraft trajectories. An article entitled "Is there something we don't know about Gravity" authored by Dr.
John D. Anderson (a scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory) in the March 2009 Issue of Astronomy
Magazine provides a good summary of these observed anomalies.
The spacecrafts Pioneer 10 and 11 launched in 1972 and 1973 respectively, now escaping our solar system in
opposite directions are NOT where scientists expected them to be. Space scientists have been tracking the
motions of these two spacecrafts and analyzing the data over many years since those spacecrafts were
launched. For example, in 1998, the Pioneer 10 spacecraft was about 36,000 miles short of what scientists
expected based on the known laws of motion given by Newton and Einstein. These scientists have considered
various possible sources that may cause such discrepancy. However, over the years, they have not found a
satisfactory explanation for such discrepancy.
The situation with Pioneer 11 is similar. Based on 4 years of tracking data, the Pioneer 11 is about 3,700 miles
short of its predicted distance. It is as if something is putting a brake on both spacecrafts by just the right
amount that they both change their speed the same amount in the same interval of time.
The "Pioneer Anomaly" has been presented by scientists in scientific conferences and journals. Please see the
following website for more details:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_anomaly
According to the article in the Astronomy Magazine cited above, scientists in Jet Propulsion Laboratories have
also reported in March 7, 2008 Issue of Physical Review Letters on anomalous orbital energy changes of six
spacecraft that flew by Earth for gravity assists to reach their target bodies. These changes/discrepancies do
not obey Newton's law of gravity.
Sections 9.1 describes the important astronomy observation results in galactic and inter-galactic scale that
contradict the predictions from the existing theory of gravity.
Similar contradictions have also been observed within our solar system on the mysterious anomaly in the
spacecraft trajectories. An article entitled "Is there something we don't know about Gravity" authored by Dr.
John D. Anderson (a scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory) in the March 2009 Issue of Astronomy
Magazine provides a good summary of these observed anomalies.
The spacecrafts Pioneer 10 and 11 launched in 1972 and 1973 respectively, now escaping our solar system in
opposite directions are NOT where scientists expected them to be. Space scientists have been tracking the
motions of these two spacecrafts and analyzing the data over many years since those spacecrafts were
launched. For example, in 1998, the Pioneer 10 spacecraft was about 36,000 miles short of what scientists
expected based on the known laws of motion given by Newton and Einstein. These scientists have considered
various possible sources that may cause such discrepancy. However, over the years, they have not found a
satisfactory explanation for such discrepancy.
The situation with Pioneer 11 is similar. Based on 4 years of tracking data, the Pioneer 11 is about 3,700 miles
short of its predicted distance. It is as if something is putting a brake on both spacecrafts by just the right
amount that they both change their speed the same amount in the same interval of time.
The "Pioneer Anomaly" has been presented by scientists in scientific conferences and journals. Please see the
following website for more details:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_anomaly
According to the article in the Astronomy Magazine cited above, scientists in Jet Propulsion Laboratories have
also reported in March 7, 2008 Issue of Physical Review Letters on anomalous orbital energy changes of six
spacecraft that flew by Earth for gravity assists to reach their target bodies. These changes/discrepancies do
not obey Newton's law of gravity.
Appendix A - Many reports of strange slopes at many locations all over the world at the following
YouTube websites:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-kLZZLQEg8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LawmLgSSRY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUSDMPmo56U&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_o7JW1f7NQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9_Q33sGB4U&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c23ayRI6cz4&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7cV32S3s_0&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ByJ24XMvZk&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SR2X6zr2HE&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wF_fTnleS00&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QR_GPXunr1s&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eY8KC8ZHa70&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PV-xFVf0QHw&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeyEZ9RZi7c&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-Ex2K5KUJ8&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7xP09iuZh0&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQ5GC_i23ls&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwnbLrwc734&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-NXwaElIIM&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrkG4IFG04U&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k76ik_y0PJ4&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxTOiylFLB8&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oNqEiIkZb8&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCbqV2bXS5Q&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHPmdO_f-wI&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqJsGXbJruU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4xKPCGtn_w&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fta_7O-Myms&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQRw7o-WBgg&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vNV0zCJ_MM&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lkl5qhFaD3k&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqJsGXbJruU&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIwRSpbisG8&feature=related
YouTube websites:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-kLZZLQEg8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LawmLgSSRY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUSDMPmo56U&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_o7JW1f7NQ
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9_Q33sGB4U&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c23ayRI6cz4&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7cV32S3s_0&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ByJ24XMvZk&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5SR2X6zr2HE&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wF_fTnleS00&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QR_GPXunr1s&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eY8KC8ZHa70&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PV-xFVf0QHw&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IeyEZ9RZi7c&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-Ex2K5KUJ8&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7xP09iuZh0&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQ5GC_i23ls&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwnbLrwc734&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-NXwaElIIM&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrkG4IFG04U&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k76ik_y0PJ4&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxTOiylFLB8&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-oNqEiIkZb8&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCbqV2bXS5Q&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZHPmdO_f-wI&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqJsGXbJruU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4xKPCGtn_w&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fta_7O-Myms&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQRw7o-WBgg&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vNV0zCJ_MM&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lkl5qhFaD3k&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqJsGXbJruU&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIwRSpbisG8&feature=related
Appendix B - Some Chinese websites listed in the following indicate that similar strange slopes have
also been observed at several other locations in China.
http://www.qzwb.com/gb/content/2000-08/27/content_5895.htm
http://www.qzwb.com/gb/content/2002-02/22/content_414707.htm
http://www.china.org.cn/features/photos/liaoning/liaoningview/75.htm
http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/3/12/17/n431204.htm
http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/2/2/22/n172201.htm
http://news.china.com/zh_cn/social/1007/20030915/11540459.html
also been observed at several other locations in China.
http://www.qzwb.com/gb/content/2000-08/27/content_5895.htm
http://www.qzwb.com/gb/content/2002-02/22/content_414707.htm
http://www.china.org.cn/features/photos/liaoning/liaoningview/75.htm
http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/3/12/17/n431204.htm
http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/2/2/22/n172201.htm
http://news.china.com/zh_cn/social/1007/20030915/11540459.html
9.3. String Theory, M-Theory and Parallel Universe
The current cutting-edge field of research by many scientists all over the world is parallel universes and the
related String Theory/M-Theory. It is driven by several surprising and uncomfortable discoveries from
astronomy scale and from sub-atomic scale of quantum physics (i.e., from very large scale and from very
small scale). For almost a hundred years science has been haunted by a dark secret: that there might be
mysterious hidden worlds beyond our human senses. Recent advances in investigations and studies of these
strange discoveries are all pointing consistently to the possible existence of parallel universes and to the
development of String Theory and M-Theory.
A simplified explanation by Dr. Michio Kaku of dark matter as related to parallel universes and String Theory
is in a video presentation at the following website:
http://vodpod.com/watch/4721606-what-is-dark-matter-dr-kakus-universe-big-think
Dr. Michio Kaku is Professor of Theoretical Physics specializing in string field theory at the City University of
New York.
Furthermore, the following team of leading scientists and professors in physics and astronomy in prestigious
universities:
NIMA ARKANI-HAMED, Professor of Physics, Harvard University,
MICHAEL DUFF, Professor of Physics, University of Michigan, and Imperial College (London),
ALEX FILIPPENKO, Professor of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley
ALAN GUTH, Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
MICHIO KAKU, Professor of Theoretical Physics at the City University of New York
BURT OVRUT, Professor of Physics, University of Pennsylvania,
LISA RANDALL, Professor of Physics, Harvard University,
PAUL STEINHARDT, Professor of Physics, Princeton University,
NEIL TUROK, Professor of Mathematical Physics, Cambridge University
jointly provides more detailed in-depth explanations of this cutting-edge field of research on parallel universes,
String-Theory and M-Theory in the following documentary TV program which is available on the following
websites:
Parallel Universes
http://documentary-post.blogspot.com/2010/11/parallel-universes.html
The transcript of this series of video programs on Parallel Universes is also available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/parallelunitrans.shtml
According to the preliminary theory of parallel universes, there are many, infinitely many, universes that exist
in parallel to our known universe. Furthermore, there are several different kinds of parallel universes. The
Level-3 type of parallel universes can co-exist with our known universe in the same space and at the same
time. But we cannot see and cannot touch those things (dark matters) in those Level-3 parallel universes,
except through gravitational force. In the concept of String Theory/M-Theory, those dark matters exist in the
higher dimensions such that we cannot see them and cannot touch them except through gravitational force.
The worldwide research activities on parallel universes, String Theory and M-Theory are not just purely
theoretical work. There is also serious experimental work going on to prove such theories. $10 billions have
been spent to build the big bang machine known as Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European
Organization for Nuclear Research CERN (Centre European de Recherche Nucleaire) in the French village of
Cessy, near Geneva, Switzerland. LHC has become operational on March 31, 2010. Hundreds of scientists
are busily working at CERN on this LHC big bang project. To process the huge amount of data from LHC, it
uses a Worldwide LHC Computing Grid to harness the processing power of over 140 independent computer
centres in 34 countries. One of the goals of this LHC project is to probe the higher dimensions and to prove
the existence of higher dimensions and of parallel universes. The scientists working on LHC project estimate
that they may achieve this important goal in 2011 as described in the News release on LHC project at:
http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre69j35x-us-cern/
http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre6ae3qu-us-science-cern/
A detailed description of this LHC big bang experiment can be seen at the following PBS NOVA Science
Video program at:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/cern.html
The current cutting-edge field of research by many scientists all over the world is parallel universes and the
related String Theory/M-Theory. It is driven by several surprising and uncomfortable discoveries from
astronomy scale and from sub-atomic scale of quantum physics (i.e., from very large scale and from very
small scale). For almost a hundred years science has been haunted by a dark secret: that there might be
mysterious hidden worlds beyond our human senses. Recent advances in investigations and studies of these
strange discoveries are all pointing consistently to the possible existence of parallel universes and to the
development of String Theory and M-Theory.
A simplified explanation by Dr. Michio Kaku of dark matter as related to parallel universes and String Theory
is in a video presentation at the following website:
http://vodpod.com/watch/4721606-what-is-dark-matter-dr-kakus-universe-big-think
Dr. Michio Kaku is Professor of Theoretical Physics specializing in string field theory at the City University of
New York.
Furthermore, the following team of leading scientists and professors in physics and astronomy in prestigious
universities:
NIMA ARKANI-HAMED, Professor of Physics, Harvard University,
MICHAEL DUFF, Professor of Physics, University of Michigan, and Imperial College (London),
ALEX FILIPPENKO, Professor of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley
ALAN GUTH, Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
MICHIO KAKU, Professor of Theoretical Physics at the City University of New York
BURT OVRUT, Professor of Physics, University of Pennsylvania,
LISA RANDALL, Professor of Physics, Harvard University,
PAUL STEINHARDT, Professor of Physics, Princeton University,
NEIL TUROK, Professor of Mathematical Physics, Cambridge University
jointly provides more detailed in-depth explanations of this cutting-edge field of research on parallel universes,
String-Theory and M-Theory in the following documentary TV program which is available on the following
websites:
Parallel Universes
http://documentary-post.blogspot.com/2010/11/parallel-universes.html
The transcript of this series of video programs on Parallel Universes is also available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/parallelunitrans.shtml
According to the preliminary theory of parallel universes, there are many, infinitely many, universes that exist
in parallel to our known universe. Furthermore, there are several different kinds of parallel universes. The
Level-3 type of parallel universes can co-exist with our known universe in the same space and at the same
time. But we cannot see and cannot touch those things (dark matters) in those Level-3 parallel universes,
except through gravitational force. In the concept of String Theory/M-Theory, those dark matters exist in the
higher dimensions such that we cannot see them and cannot touch them except through gravitational force.
The worldwide research activities on parallel universes, String Theory and M-Theory are not just purely
theoretical work. There is also serious experimental work going on to prove such theories. $10 billions have
been spent to build the big bang machine known as Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European
Organization for Nuclear Research CERN (Centre European de Recherche Nucleaire) in the French village of
Cessy, near Geneva, Switzerland. LHC has become operational on March 31, 2010. Hundreds of scientists
are busily working at CERN on this LHC big bang project. To process the huge amount of data from LHC, it
uses a Worldwide LHC Computing Grid to harness the processing power of over 140 independent computer
centres in 34 countries. One of the goals of this LHC project is to probe the higher dimensions and to prove
the existence of higher dimensions and of parallel universes. The scientists working on LHC project estimate
that they may achieve this important goal in 2011 as described in the News release on LHC project at:
http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre69j35x-us-cern/
http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/tre6ae3qu-us-science-cern/
A detailed description of this LHC big bang experiment can be seen at the following PBS NOVA Science
Video program at:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/cern.html
| Gravity Hills, Strange Slopes, Dark Matters on Parallel Universes? |
Picture 5: The blue minivan on the left lane is rolling up the strange slope backward while three other vehicles
(2 white color and 1 red color) on the right lane are going down to the bottom of the strange slope to try the
experience of rolling up the strange slope.
Some people stop at the bottom of the strange slope in the middle of this section of the road and roll up the
slope backward like the blue minivan does in this picture. But some other people do not stop at the bottom,
but go further to the far end which is higher than the bottom, then turn their vehicles around, then come down
to the bottom in the middle of this section of road and stop there, so that they can roll up the hill forward (like
that in Pictures 2, 3 and 4) instead of backward.
(2 white color and 1 red color) on the right lane are going down to the bottom of the strange slope to try the
experience of rolling up the strange slope.
Some people stop at the bottom of the strange slope in the middle of this section of the road and roll up the
slope backward like the blue minivan does in this picture. But some other people do not stop at the bottom,
but go further to the far end which is higher than the bottom, then turn their vehicles around, then come down
to the bottom in the middle of this section of road and stop there, so that they can roll up the hill forward (like
that in Pictures 2, 3 and 4) instead of backward.
Picture 6: Several vehicles and a motor cycle are waiting on the line for their turns to go down the slope to try
their experience on this strange slope. Notice that the road surface for the waiting line of vehicles is
reasonably level (i.e., not on a steep slope) and that the area for waiting line of vehicles is substantial in size.
There were quite a few visitors with their cars, vans, trucks, recreational vehicles, motorcycles, etc. waiting
on line to try this strange phenomenon at Magnetic Hill when I was there in July 2005.
their experience on this strange slope. Notice that the road surface for the waiting line of vehicles is
reasonably level (i.e., not on a steep slope) and that the area for waiting line of vehicles is substantial in size.
There were quite a few visitors with their cars, vans, trucks, recreational vehicles, motorcycles, etc. waiting
on line to try this strange phenomenon at Magnetic Hill when I was there in July 2005.
Picture 7: Three more vehicles waiting on line for their turns to try the strange slope. At the top of the slope,
there are two orange colored posts and two or more instructors telling visitors on what to do when they drive
down to the bottom of the slope to experience the strange phenomenon of Magnetic Hill.
there are two orange colored posts and two or more instructors telling visitors on what to do when they drive
down to the bottom of the slope to experience the strange phenomenon of Magnetic Hill.
Picture 8: More vehicles waiting on line for their turns.
Notice that in Pictures 7 and 8, we cannot see the bottom of the strange slope from the area of vehicle waiting
line. I was standing upright in taking all these Pictures 1 to 8 so that my camera had at least 5 feet of
clearance from the ground surface. Even with such 5 feet of clearance at the area of waiting line of vehicles,
my camera still cannot see the bottom of the strange slope. This is a strong evidence that the bottom of the
strange slope is indeed lower than the top of the strange slope such that we cannot see the bottom from this
waiting line of vehicles on the top. This is one of the reasons that I do not believe that the strange
phenomenon on such strange slopes is due to "Illusion" as claimed by many people and by many articles on
Internet.
The Illusion Theory claims that: (1) the bottom of such strange slope is higher than the top of the slope, (2)
those vehicles are rolling downhill because the Illusion Theory claims that the bottom is higher than the top on
such strange slope, and (3) all those vehicles that look like rolling "uphill" on such slope as shown on Pictures
2, 3, 4 and 5 are due to illusion in human perception. In other words, the "Illusion Theory" claims that all those
vehicles are rolling down hill even though they look like rolling up hill as shown on Pictures 2, 3, 4 and 5.
If the bottom of the slope were higher than the top of the slope as claimed by the "Illusion Theory", then we, at
my standing upright position with at least 5 feet of clearance above ground level, would be able to see the
"higher" bottom from the area of waiting line of vehicles in Pictures 7 and 8. However, the fact that on the
waiting line in Pictures 7 and 8, we do not see the bottom of the slope is a strong evidence that (A) the bottom
of the slope is indeed lower than the top as shown in Pictures 2, 3, 4 and 5 and (B) this strange phenomenon
is NOT due to illusion. More evidences against "Illusion Theory" including the problems in their supporting
measurements are described in Sections 5 to 10 on this web page.
In addition to my pictures on this Magnetic Hill, many other people have also taken movie clips when their cars
in neutral gear were rolling up this Magnetic Hill in Moncton as shown on the following YouTube websites:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ml6E45x825M&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLgdZGbOclk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhr0owdDLqo&feature=related
In these three movie clips, notice that when their movie cameras in their cars are pointing to the top of the
slope (where the instructors and the area for the waiting line of vehicles are located), the videos show that
these cameras cannot see the large area for the waiting line of vehicles. If the bottom of the slope were
higher than the top of the slope, as claimed by the Illusion Theory, these cameras in the cars would be able to
see the large area of waiting line of vehicles beyond the position of the instructors. The fact that these
cameras cannot see the large area of waiting line of vehicles is another evidence that these cars are rolling
uphill and the bottom of the slope is indeed lower than the top of the slope.
Therefore, both the views in Pictures 7 and 8 from the area of the waiting line of vehicles on the top of the
slope and the views from the bottom of the slope consistently indicate that (a) the bottom of the slope is
indeed lower than the top of the slope and (b) these vehicles are indeed rolling up the hill against the known
law of gravity as a well known strange phenomenon.
Notice that in Pictures 7 and 8, we cannot see the bottom of the strange slope from the area of vehicle waiting
line. I was standing upright in taking all these Pictures 1 to 8 so that my camera had at least 5 feet of
clearance from the ground surface. Even with such 5 feet of clearance at the area of waiting line of vehicles,
my camera still cannot see the bottom of the strange slope. This is a strong evidence that the bottom of the
strange slope is indeed lower than the top of the strange slope such that we cannot see the bottom from this
waiting line of vehicles on the top. This is one of the reasons that I do not believe that the strange
phenomenon on such strange slopes is due to "Illusion" as claimed by many people and by many articles on
Internet.
The Illusion Theory claims that: (1) the bottom of such strange slope is higher than the top of the slope, (2)
those vehicles are rolling downhill because the Illusion Theory claims that the bottom is higher than the top on
such strange slope, and (3) all those vehicles that look like rolling "uphill" on such slope as shown on Pictures
2, 3, 4 and 5 are due to illusion in human perception. In other words, the "Illusion Theory" claims that all those
vehicles are rolling down hill even though they look like rolling up hill as shown on Pictures 2, 3, 4 and 5.
If the bottom of the slope were higher than the top of the slope as claimed by the "Illusion Theory", then we, at
my standing upright position with at least 5 feet of clearance above ground level, would be able to see the
"higher" bottom from the area of waiting line of vehicles in Pictures 7 and 8. However, the fact that on the
waiting line in Pictures 7 and 8, we do not see the bottom of the slope is a strong evidence that (A) the bottom
of the slope is indeed lower than the top as shown in Pictures 2, 3, 4 and 5 and (B) this strange phenomenon
is NOT due to illusion. More evidences against "Illusion Theory" including the problems in their supporting
measurements are described in Sections 5 to 10 on this web page.
In addition to my pictures on this Magnetic Hill, many other people have also taken movie clips when their cars
in neutral gear were rolling up this Magnetic Hill in Moncton as shown on the following YouTube websites:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ml6E45x825M&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLgdZGbOclk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhr0owdDLqo&feature=related
In these three movie clips, notice that when their movie cameras in their cars are pointing to the top of the
slope (where the instructors and the area for the waiting line of vehicles are located), the videos show that
these cameras cannot see the large area for the waiting line of vehicles. If the bottom of the slope were
higher than the top of the slope, as claimed by the Illusion Theory, these cameras in the cars would be able to
see the large area of waiting line of vehicles beyond the position of the instructors. The fact that these
cameras cannot see the large area of waiting line of vehicles is another evidence that these cars are rolling
uphill and the bottom of the slope is indeed lower than the top of the slope.
Therefore, both the views in Pictures 7 and 8 from the area of the waiting line of vehicles on the top of the
slope and the views from the bottom of the slope consistently indicate that (a) the bottom of the slope is
indeed lower than the top of the slope and (b) these vehicles are indeed rolling up the hill against the known
law of gravity as a well known strange phenomenon.
Picture 3: The vehicle started to roll up hill from the bottom.
Picture 4: The vehicle continued rolling up hill.
10. Gravity Hills and Cutting Edge of Science
I have been thinking and searching for several years for a possible scientific explanation for the strange
phenomenon on those hundreds of known gravity hills on earth surface. My chain of thoughts is the following:
1. The strange effects of dark matter have shown up on the observations on the inter-galactic scale, on the
galactic scale and on the scale of our solar system.
2. There is no proven theory that says the strange effects of dark matter can never show up on our earth.
3. In fact, two or more teams of scientists have set up sophisticated equipment about 2,000 feet under ground
in North America, Europe and may be other locations and have been running such experiments for more than
one year to try to detect dark matter on earth.
4. If the strange effects of dark matter do show up on earth, what kinds of strange effects they may show
up? I think that those strange effects must be so strange that our existing theory and our regular matter
cannot explain those strange effects of dark matter on earth.
5. On the other hand, the strange phenomenon have been observed on hundreds of gravity hills on earth
surface for hundreds of years. It is a long standing puzzling strange phenomenon. (Even though many people
have proposed the Illusion Theory and many people have accepted the Illusion Theory for this strange
phenomenon. I do not believe that the Illusion Theory is valid as explained in Sections 1 and 5 on this web
page.)
6. On these locations of gravity hills, many people over hundreds of years have noticed consistently very
strange phenomenon. Therefore, many kinds of strange names such as Gravity hill, Anti-gravity Hill, Confusion
Hill, Magnetic Hill, Magic Hill, Mystery Hill, Spook Hill, Strange Slope, etc. have been used to describe such
“strange place”. The Illusion Theory says that everybody who gets into such gravity hill area always and
consistently get into a “state of illusion and confusion” to perceive the top of the slope as the bottom of the
slope and the bottom of the slope as the top of the slope such that water flowing downhill is always perceived
as water flowing uphill. Such illusion is consistent, repeatable and always happens to everybody who gets into
such area of the gravity hill as claimed by the Illusion Theory. On the other hand, several known gravity hills
are on coastal highways where the vast horizontal line of the nearby ocean is readily visible as the horizontal
reference to all visitors. On such coastal gravity hills, one would think that human perception of uphill should be
correct because the reference horizontal line is readily visible in the nearby ocean. Yet the Illusion Theory still
claims that human perceptions of the top and the bottom of such coastal gravity hills are still "wrong". The
Illusion Theory for such coastal gravity hills is usually backed up by their measurements that indicate that the
human perceived bottom is higher than the human perceived top of such coastal gravity hill. It is likely that the
level bubble and the plumb line used in such measurements are affected by the strong gravity of the unknown
source on such coastal gravity hills such that the measurement results are wrong. Anyway, from such
hundreds of years of experience, we get a very strong message that there is something very strange in the
special areas of gravity hills.
7. Over hundreds of years, many people, including many scientists and engineers, have visited and
experienced such strange phenomenon on these gravity hills. If the possible scientific explanation for such
strange phenomenon exists, it probably is not simple, not easy and not obvious. Otherwise, one or more
scientists or engineers, who have visited such gravity hills, would have found it and provided such scientific
explanation for such strange phenomenon. This gives us a hint on what to expect if one tries to find a scientific
explanation for gravity hills. One may need to prepare mentally to deal with complexity, unknowns,
unchartered territories, and severe challenges in such scientific exploration.
8. We all have experience of driving a car from a large flat field towards a huge mountain and of driving up the
mountain road. Our experience indicates that no matter how big the mountain is, (8A) the gravitation force
from the huge mass of the mountain is NOT strong enough to pull our car to roll uphill. We always have to
press down on the gas pedal to use the engine power to push our car to go up the mountain. (8B)
Furthermore, if the gravitation force of the mountain can do something to our car, the range of influence of
gravity force from the big mountain will not be limited to a small zone of only a few hundred feet which is the
typical length of the strange slopes of many gravity hills.
9. (8A) and (8B) indicate that our familiar regular matter as big as many huge mountains still does not have
enough gravity force to pull our vehicles to roll uphill. Therefore, the source of gravity force on a gravity hill
probably is not from our familiar regular matter. (9A) The source probably is some unknown matter that is
very different from our familiar regular matter. Furthermore, in the areas of many gravity hills, we do not see
any huge mountains nearby. (9B) This means that we cannot see and cannot touch that strange unknown
matter in that small area of gravity hill.
10. Our scientific knowledge still does not know if there is only one kind of dark matter or many kinds of
different dark matters. Therefore, we may call the unknown strange matter in these gravity hills as one kind of
dark matters.
11. Dark matter and regular matter are likely to come together due to their mutual gravitational pull. The
scientific studies have shown that cold dark matter provides the critical gravitational scaffolding (i.e.,
framework, backbone, skeleton) and the super-structure for the formation of galaxies. In other words, cold
dark matter plays a key role for the formation of our visible galaxies of regular matter. Without the scaffolding
of cold dark matter, our familiar galaxies could not form and could not exist.
12. It may be possible that some cold dark matters have interwoven silently with our earth.
13. Those cold dark matters can co-exist with the earth in the same space at the same time because those
cold dark matters are on their Level-3 parallel universes (or on higher dimensions according to the String-
Theory/M-theory).
14. It seems to me that the known characteristics of the strange phenomenon of gravity hills fit very well as
one of the possible good candidate(s) if the strange effects of cold dark matter show up on earth.
15. The length of the strange slope on gravity hills usually is only a few hundred feet. This means the strange
effects of gravity hill is usually very localized within a small area of only a few hundred feet.
16. The fact that we cannot see dark matter and cannot touch dark matter seems to indicate that dark matter
may reside on a parallel universe as described in the theory of parallel universe or on higher dimensions as
described in String Theory and M-theory.
17. According to the theory of gravity for higher dimensional space as described in the Book entitled "Warped
Passages Unraveling The Mysteries of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions" authorized by Professor Lisa
Randall of Harvard University, the variation of gravity force with distance can be much faster than the well
known Newton's inverse square law. The well known and well established Newton's inverse square law for
gravity is valid for our familiar 3-dimensional space. But on higher dimensional space, the variation of gravity
force with distance is much faster then the square of the distance because of the greater number of
dimensions in the space for the gravity force to spread out and to thin out as the distance increases.
18. In that book, Professor Randall provides a second example where the variation of the strength of gravity
force with distance in higher dimension space can be even faster in exponential form as a contrast to
Newton's inverse square law in our familiar 3-D space. In this second example, if the "brane" of the parallel
universe, where the dark matter is residing, has huge amount of energy, the variation of the strength of gravity
force of the dark matter with distance along certain direction can be exponential in the sense that (18A) as the
distance increases, the gravity force decreases exponentially, very fast, and (18B) as the distance decreases,
the gravity force increases exponentially. This second example may be another reason that the gravity force
from the cold dark matter can be very strong at short distance to be able to pull vehicles to roll uphill, and the
gravity force from the cold dark matter can decrease exponentially fast as the distance increases. Therefore,
the strong effects of the gravity hill is confined in a small zone of only a few hundred fee.
19. According to the M-Theory, there are 10 dimensions in space plus time as another dimension. If dark
matter resides on such high dimensional space, its gravitation force can decrease very fast, much faster than
the inverse square law as the distance increases. This may be the reason that the effects of gravity hills are
very localized within only a few hundred feet.
20. On the other hand, if a vehicle gets close to the cold dark matter, the strength of the gravitation force from
the dark matter on the vehicle can increase very fast, much faster than Newton's inverse square law as the
distance decreases. Therefore, the strength of the gravity force from the dark matter can be strong enough to
pull the vehicle to roll up the gravity hill when the vehicle is within that localized small zone of only a few
hundred feet.
21. If some cold dark matters exist in that localized small zone of a gravity hill, then the strong gravity force
from the cold dark matters will have very strong influence on the spirit/level bubble, or plumb line or long water
hose used by some people doing measurements on the gravity hills. Such measurements cannot provide
correct indication of which ends of the strange slope is higher because of the unexpected strong influence of
cold dark matter on level bubble, plumb line or water hose within that zone of strong influence of dark matter.
This may be the reason that even on a coastal gravity hill where horizontal line from the nearby ocean is
visible, such measurements indicate that the visually perceived bottom is higher than the visually perceived hill
top.
22. If such preliminary explanation for the strange phenomenon on those gravity hills turns out to be roughly in
the correct direction, then those hundreds of gravity hills on earth surface may become "gold mines" for future
more rigorous and intensive measurements, tests, investigations and studies of dark matter and parallel
universes. For example, a systematic study of (1) the locations of all those hundreds of known gravity hills on
the earth surface, (2) the size and the shape of the small area of influence of those gravity hills and (3)
clustering of multiple gravity hills may provide some hints on the distribution and the structure of the cold dark
matters that have interwoven silently with our earth.
I have been thinking and searching for several years for a possible scientific explanation for the strange
phenomenon on those hundreds of known gravity hills on earth surface. My chain of thoughts is the following:
1. The strange effects of dark matter have shown up on the observations on the inter-galactic scale, on the
galactic scale and on the scale of our solar system.
2. There is no proven theory that says the strange effects of dark matter can never show up on our earth.
3. In fact, two or more teams of scientists have set up sophisticated equipment about 2,000 feet under ground
in North America, Europe and may be other locations and have been running such experiments for more than
one year to try to detect dark matter on earth.
4. If the strange effects of dark matter do show up on earth, what kinds of strange effects they may show
up? I think that those strange effects must be so strange that our existing theory and our regular matter
cannot explain those strange effects of dark matter on earth.
5. On the other hand, the strange phenomenon have been observed on hundreds of gravity hills on earth
surface for hundreds of years. It is a long standing puzzling strange phenomenon. (Even though many people
have proposed the Illusion Theory and many people have accepted the Illusion Theory for this strange
phenomenon. I do not believe that the Illusion Theory is valid as explained in Sections 1 and 5 on this web
page.)
6. On these locations of gravity hills, many people over hundreds of years have noticed consistently very
strange phenomenon. Therefore, many kinds of strange names such as Gravity hill, Anti-gravity Hill, Confusion
Hill, Magnetic Hill, Magic Hill, Mystery Hill, Spook Hill, Strange Slope, etc. have been used to describe such
“strange place”. The Illusion Theory says that everybody who gets into such gravity hill area always and
consistently get into a “state of illusion and confusion” to perceive the top of the slope as the bottom of the
slope and the bottom of the slope as the top of the slope such that water flowing downhill is always perceived
as water flowing uphill. Such illusion is consistent, repeatable and always happens to everybody who gets into
such area of the gravity hill as claimed by the Illusion Theory. On the other hand, several known gravity hills
are on coastal highways where the vast horizontal line of the nearby ocean is readily visible as the horizontal
reference to all visitors. On such coastal gravity hills, one would think that human perception of uphill should be
correct because the reference horizontal line is readily visible in the nearby ocean. Yet the Illusion Theory still
claims that human perceptions of the top and the bottom of such coastal gravity hills are still "wrong". The
Illusion Theory for such coastal gravity hills is usually backed up by their measurements that indicate that the
human perceived bottom is higher than the human perceived top of such coastal gravity hill. It is likely that the
level bubble and the plumb line used in such measurements are affected by the strong gravity of the unknown
source on such coastal gravity hills such that the measurement results are wrong. Anyway, from such
hundreds of years of experience, we get a very strong message that there is something very strange in the
special areas of gravity hills.
7. Over hundreds of years, many people, including many scientists and engineers, have visited and
experienced such strange phenomenon on these gravity hills. If the possible scientific explanation for such
strange phenomenon exists, it probably is not simple, not easy and not obvious. Otherwise, one or more
scientists or engineers, who have visited such gravity hills, would have found it and provided such scientific
explanation for such strange phenomenon. This gives us a hint on what to expect if one tries to find a scientific
explanation for gravity hills. One may need to prepare mentally to deal with complexity, unknowns,
unchartered territories, and severe challenges in such scientific exploration.
8. We all have experience of driving a car from a large flat field towards a huge mountain and of driving up the
mountain road. Our experience indicates that no matter how big the mountain is, (8A) the gravitation force
from the huge mass of the mountain is NOT strong enough to pull our car to roll uphill. We always have to
press down on the gas pedal to use the engine power to push our car to go up the mountain. (8B)
Furthermore, if the gravitation force of the mountain can do something to our car, the range of influence of
gravity force from the big mountain will not be limited to a small zone of only a few hundred feet which is the
typical length of the strange slopes of many gravity hills.
9. (8A) and (8B) indicate that our familiar regular matter as big as many huge mountains still does not have
enough gravity force to pull our vehicles to roll uphill. Therefore, the source of gravity force on a gravity hill
probably is not from our familiar regular matter. (9A) The source probably is some unknown matter that is
very different from our familiar regular matter. Furthermore, in the areas of many gravity hills, we do not see
any huge mountains nearby. (9B) This means that we cannot see and cannot touch that strange unknown
matter in that small area of gravity hill.
10. Our scientific knowledge still does not know if there is only one kind of dark matter or many kinds of
different dark matters. Therefore, we may call the unknown strange matter in these gravity hills as one kind of
dark matters.
11. Dark matter and regular matter are likely to come together due to their mutual gravitational pull. The
scientific studies have shown that cold dark matter provides the critical gravitational scaffolding (i.e.,
framework, backbone, skeleton) and the super-structure for the formation of galaxies. In other words, cold
dark matter plays a key role for the formation of our visible galaxies of regular matter. Without the scaffolding
of cold dark matter, our familiar galaxies could not form and could not exist.
12. It may be possible that some cold dark matters have interwoven silently with our earth.
13. Those cold dark matters can co-exist with the earth in the same space at the same time because those
cold dark matters are on their Level-3 parallel universes (or on higher dimensions according to the String-
Theory/M-theory).
14. It seems to me that the known characteristics of the strange phenomenon of gravity hills fit very well as
one of the possible good candidate(s) if the strange effects of cold dark matter show up on earth.
15. The length of the strange slope on gravity hills usually is only a few hundred feet. This means the strange
effects of gravity hill is usually very localized within a small area of only a few hundred feet.
16. The fact that we cannot see dark matter and cannot touch dark matter seems to indicate that dark matter
may reside on a parallel universe as described in the theory of parallel universe or on higher dimensions as
described in String Theory and M-theory.
17. According to the theory of gravity for higher dimensional space as described in the Book entitled "Warped
Passages Unraveling The Mysteries of The Universe's Hidden Dimensions" authorized by Professor Lisa
Randall of Harvard University, the variation of gravity force with distance can be much faster than the well
known Newton's inverse square law. The well known and well established Newton's inverse square law for
gravity is valid for our familiar 3-dimensional space. But on higher dimensional space, the variation of gravity
force with distance is much faster then the square of the distance because of the greater number of
dimensions in the space for the gravity force to spread out and to thin out as the distance increases.
18. In that book, Professor Randall provides a second example where the variation of the strength of gravity
force with distance in higher dimension space can be even faster in exponential form as a contrast to
Newton's inverse square law in our familiar 3-D space. In this second example, if the "brane" of the parallel
universe, where the dark matter is residing, has huge amount of energy, the variation of the strength of gravity
force of the dark matter with distance along certain direction can be exponential in the sense that (18A) as the
distance increases, the gravity force decreases exponentially, very fast, and (18B) as the distance decreases,
the gravity force increases exponentially. This second example may be another reason that the gravity force
from the cold dark matter can be very strong at short distance to be able to pull vehicles to roll uphill, and the
gravity force from the cold dark matter can decrease exponentially fast as the distance increases. Therefore,
the strong effects of the gravity hill is confined in a small zone of only a few hundred fee.
19. According to the M-Theory, there are 10 dimensions in space plus time as another dimension. If dark
matter resides on such high dimensional space, its gravitation force can decrease very fast, much faster than
the inverse square law as the distance increases. This may be the reason that the effects of gravity hills are
very localized within only a few hundred feet.
20. On the other hand, if a vehicle gets close to the cold dark matter, the strength of the gravitation force from
the dark matter on the vehicle can increase very fast, much faster than Newton's inverse square law as the
distance decreases. Therefore, the strength of the gravity force from the dark matter can be strong enough to
pull the vehicle to roll up the gravity hill when the vehicle is within that localized small zone of only a few
hundred feet.
21. If some cold dark matters exist in that localized small zone of a gravity hill, then the strong gravity force
from the cold dark matters will have very strong influence on the spirit/level bubble, or plumb line or long water
hose used by some people doing measurements on the gravity hills. Such measurements cannot provide
correct indication of which ends of the strange slope is higher because of the unexpected strong influence of
cold dark matter on level bubble, plumb line or water hose within that zone of strong influence of dark matter.
This may be the reason that even on a coastal gravity hill where horizontal line from the nearby ocean is
visible, such measurements indicate that the visually perceived bottom is higher than the visually perceived hill
top.
22. If such preliminary explanation for the strange phenomenon on those gravity hills turns out to be roughly in
the correct direction, then those hundreds of gravity hills on earth surface may become "gold mines" for future
more rigorous and intensive measurements, tests, investigations and studies of dark matter and parallel
universes. For example, a systematic study of (1) the locations of all those hundreds of known gravity hills on
the earth surface, (2) the size and the shape of the small area of influence of those gravity hills and (3)
clustering of multiple gravity hills may provide some hints on the distribution and the structure of the cold dark
matters that have interwoven silently with our earth.